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Paper 4
Published in Amanda Rabone, Benedict Thomson, Nicky Dineen, Vincent Helyar, Aidan Shaw, The Final FRCR, 2020
Amanda Rabone, Benedict Thomson, Nicky Dineen, Vincent Helyar, Aidan Shaw
Gangliogliomas most commonly occur in the temporal lobes causing seizures in children and young adults. They can have variable appearances with both solid and cystic elements. They frequently demonstrate calcification which causes blooming on susceptibility weighted imaging.
Central Nervous System
Published in Pat Price, Karol Sikora, Treatment of Cancer, 2020
These tumors comprise neoplastic ganglion cells alone (gangliocytoma) or in association with neoplastic glial cells (ganglioglioma). Most patients are under 30 years of age, and a great majority present with seizure. The primary treatment for both tumors is surgery. Radiotherapy is now usually withheld from these lesions, which are regarded as WHO Class 1, even if resection is incomplete. However, anaplastic transformation may occur in the glial component, when the outcome becomes much more sinister and treatment more aggressive. As described earlier, a significant proportion of these tumors harbor BRAF mutations and/or other mutations that activate MAPK signaling. The response to targeting this pathway in these patients is under investigation, with initial promising data.65,66
Brain Tumour Diagnosis
Published in Sandeep Kumar, Anand Nayyar, Anand Paul, Swarm Intelligence and Evolutionary Algorithms in Healthcare and Drug Development, 2019
Dhananjay Joshi, Nitin Choubey, Rajani Kumari
World Health Organization (WHO) classifies the brain tumors in various grades of severity. Severity can be obtained from proper and accurate diagnosis. As per WHO brain tumors are classified as: Astrocytoma, low-grade astrocytoma (grades I and II), high-grade astrocytoma (grades III and IV), ganglioglioma, oligodendroglioma, ependymoma and medulloblastoma. The tumor is more malignant if the grade is higher. Brain tumor grading can help the medical experts to plan treatment and output predictions [12]. Following are the possible tumor grades.
Advantages of magnetoencephalography, neuronavigation and intraoperative MRI in epilepsy surgery re-operations
Published in Neurological Research, 2021
Julia Shawarba, Burkhard Kaspar, Stefan Rampp, Fabian Winter, Roland Coras, Ingmar Blumcke, Hajo Hamer, Michael Buchfelder, Karl Roessler
The most frequent histological results of the resected tissue during reoperation were unspecific gliosis in seven cases (25.9%), ganglioglioma in six cases (22.2%), focal cortical dysplasia in six cases (22.2%), and hippocampal sclerosis in four cases (14.8%). Four patients had a negative histology, Table 1.
Drug delivery and targeting to brain tumors: considerations for crossing the blood-brain barrier
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2021
Yadollah Omidi, Nazanin Kianinejad, Young Kwon, Hossein Omidian
A brain tumor can be either a benign or malignant mass of brain tissues [69]. The latter malignancy form can be classified into primary and metastatic brain tumors. While the primary brain tumors originate from the brain tissue, the metastatic brain tumors can result from the invasion of cancer cells initiated by other primary tumors such as melanoma, lung (both small cell- and non-small cell lung carcinoma), breast, etc [70]. Brain tumors are commonly categorized based on the World Health Organization (WHO) classification system. According to their molecular and histological characteristics, brain tumors vary in terms of the degree of aggressiveness, which forms the basis of the grading [71,72], ranging from grade I (benign) to grade IV (widely malignant and infiltrative) [73]. Because of encompassing over 30% of all brain tumors, gliomas are the most prevalent CNS tumors that are accounted for about 80% of all malignant brain tumors. Upon the WHO classification in 2007, gliomas have been categorized as astrocytic, oligodendroglial, oligoastrocytic, ependymal, and neuronal and mixed neuronal-glial such as gangliogliomas tumors [74]. However, the recent WHO classification of the CNS tumors in 2016 provides conceptual and practical advances over its 2007 definition [72]. In this new edition of WHO classification, significant changes include (i) formulating the CNS tumor diagnoses based on molecular levels, and (ii) the major restructuring of diffuse gliomas in association with the genetically defined entities [72]. In general, according to the 2016 WHO definition, CNS tumors can be categorized as (a) diffuse astrocytic and oligodendroglial tumors, (b) other astrocytic tumors, (c) endymal tumors, (d) other gliomas, (e) choroid plexus tumors, (f) meningiomas, (g) mesenchymal, non-meningothelial tumors, (h) neuronal and mixed neuronal-glial tumors, (i) tumors of the pineal region, (j) embryonal tumors, and (k) tumors of the cranial and paraspinal nerves, (l) melanocytic tumors, (m) lymphomas, (n) histiocytic tumors, (o) germ cell tumors, tumors of the sellar region, and (p) metastatic tumors. Depending on the type of tumors, they can also be subcategorized into different types. For instance, based on the expression and mutation of isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH), the diffuse astrocytic and oligodendroglial tumors could manifest as diffuse astrocytoma, IDH-mutant/-wildtype, diffuse midline glioma H3 K27M-mutant (histone H3 K27M is a mutation in the H3F3A gene with poor prognosis), WNT-activated and medulloblastoma, RELA fusion-positive ependymoma, medulloblastoma, SHH-activated and embryonal tumor with multilayered rosettes, C19MC-altered tumor, and so forth [72]. Of note, for the first time, in addition to the histology parameters, molecular features have been used to define different tumor entities. As a result of restructuring of the brain tumors, a better categorization of CNS tumors has been articulated, which include diffuse gliomas, medulloblastomas, and other embryonal tumors.