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Ocular Tumors
Published in Ching-Yu Cheng, Tien Yin Wong, Ophthalmic Epidemiology, 2022
Vishal Raval, Alexander Melendez, Hansell Soto, Alléxya Affonso, Rubens Belfort Neto, Arun D. Singh
Ocular tumors are rare. Yet, because of the survival implications, study of these tumors is vital. Various ocular tissues can undergo malignant transformation, accounting for a large variety of primary malignant tumors, in contrast with metastatic tumors (distant primary) or be affected by contiguous spread (secondary tumors). For inclusion in this chapter, we have limited the review to incidence and etiologic risk factors of three primary tumors that occur in the pediatric population (retinoblastoma) and adult population (uveal melanoma) and an ocular surface tumor (conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma [CSCC]). Using these three examples we review data derived from national cancer registries (Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Result [SEER], United States) and International Agency for Research on Cancer (World Health Organization). Etiologic factors such as host factors, genetic predisposition, sunlight exposure, and role of occupational hazards are also reviewed.
Viral Causes of Cancer
Published in Peter G. Shields, Cancer Risk Assessment, 2005
Michie Hisada, Charles S. Rabkin
Smooth muscle tumors are the second most common neoplasm in HIV-infected children (71), yet no increase has been demonstrable in HIV-infected adults. These tumors uniformly contain EBV. Conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma, an HPV-associated tumor, has been noted to be increased with HIV in equatorial Africa, but is extremely rare in other locales. Testicular germ-cell tumors may be increased in HIV, although this association is not firmly established. Most other tumors, including those most common in the general population, do not appear increased in HIV infection.
Occurrence of Occult Neoplasia in Pterygium Specimens Among Hispanic and Non-Hispanic Patients
Published in Current Eye Research, 2022
Christopher Zhu, Menachem Weiss, Frank W. Scribbick, Daniel A. Johnson, Ahmad Kheirkhah
The effects of race and ethnicity on the prevalence of OSSN alone have also been investigated. McClellan et al.9 reviewed the charts of over 24,000 patients from a Veterans Affairs eye center in Miami, Florida, and found that Whites and non-Hispanics were disproportionately affected by OSSN alone, but this finding did not reach statistical significance. A review of OSSN by Basti and Macsai23 suggested that the highest risk of OSSN is in older Caucasian men living near the equator. In the United States, the majority of cases of conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma were reported in Whites, though only 4% of this cohort was Black.24 In New Mexico, squamous cell carcinoma of the conjunctiva was significantly higher among Hispanic Whites (0.6/100,000) than among Anglo Whites (0.09/100,000; p < .05).25 In addition to race and ethnicity, other risk factors that may affect the varying prevalence of OSSN and pterygium in different communities include human immunodeficiency virus and human papilloma virus which were not evaluated in our series.26–30
Second Primary Malignancies following a Diagnosis of Conjunctival Melanoma
Published in Current Eye Research, 2022
Heba Mahjoub, Asad Loya, Talha Ayaz, Christina Y. Weng
There was 1 (1.8%, 1/57) SPM categorized by SEER as “eye and orbit – non-melanoma”. Eye and orbit non-melanoma refers to those occurring on topographical sites C69.0–9 (conjunctiva, cornea, retina, choroid, ciliary body, lacrimal gland, orbit, and other overlapping lesions of the eye and adnexa),31 which we will henceforth condense to “ophthalmic non-melanoma.” The one (1.8%, 1/57) ophthalmic non-melanoma was specifically classified as conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma. This diagnosis was confirmed by positive histology.