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Occupational nail diseases
Published in Archana Singal, Shekhar Neema, Piyush Kumar, Nail Disorders, 2019
Deepika Pandhi, Vandana Kataria
Among beauticians, occupational allergic dermatitis has been observed mostly in young trainees who are not using gloves for work such as shampooing, applying dye on hair, etc. A study evaluating contact dermatitis in beauticians by patch testing revealed the following as the most common allergens on patch testing: dyes (as is, open test), cold permanent wave primary solutions (as is, open test), and a shampoo (1% aq., closed test). Positive reactions to allergens were seen with para-phenylenediamine (1% pet), ammonium thioglycolate (5% aq., open test), para-toluenediamine (1% pet), para-aminophenol (1% pet), ortho-aminophenol (1% pet), Quinoline yellow SS (0.5% pet), nickel sulfate (2.5% pet), cobalt sulfate (2.3% pet), thimerosal (0.05% pet), and procaine hydrochloride (1% pet) in decreasing order.11
Problems on Deficiency and Excess of Minerals In Animal Nutrition
Published in Jul Låg, Geomedicine, 2017
Cobalt deficiency can be prevented by adding cobalt to the feed either directly or in a mineral mixture, by the use of “heavy pellets” containing cobalt or by top-dressing of affected pastures with cobalt sulfate. A single top-dressing treatment appears to be effective for periods up to 3 years.42 Affected animals can also be treated directly with vitamin B12.
Mechanistic insight into reactivity and (geno)toxicity of well-characterized nanoparticles of cobalt metal and oxides
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2018
Francesca Cappellini, Yolanda Hedberg, Sarah McCarrick, Jonas Hedberg, Remco Derr, Giel Hendriks, Inger Odnevall Wallinder, Hanna L. Karlsson
Cobalt-based materials (e.g. Co metal, salts, hard metals, oxides, and alloys) are used widely in various industrial and medical applications. Cobalt metal is, for example, an alloy element of high-strength steels and metal carbides (e.g. tungsten carbide). During recent years, the production and use of various nanoparticles (NPs) have increased in society. Cobalt-based NPs are now used as pigments, catalysts, sensors, magnetic contrast agents, and in energy storage devices (Lison 2015). Dispersion may occur via wear processes from cobalt-chromium (CoCr) alloy containing metal-on-metal implants (Gill et al. 2012). One of the main health concerns related to cobalt exposure is the risk of developing cancer. Chronic inhalation exposure to cobalt metal (micron-sized) and cobalt sulfate salts has been shown to cause lung cancer in rats and mice (NTP 2016). Carcinogenic effects of cobalt NPs are less studied, but one in vivo study exposing a small number of rats to Co NPs via intramuscularly implantation showed malignant mesenchymal tumors in five out of six animals (Hansen et al. 2006). Furthermore, a study on transgenic mice clearly showed higher mutant frequency in lung tissue, as compared to controls (Wan et al. 2017). In contrast, a recent cohort study on Finnish male cobalt production workers did not observe any increased cancer risk (Sauni et al. 2017). These and other in vivo studies are highly valuable for assessing risks related to cobalt-based particles. However, in vitro assays are needed for rapid screening of toxicity and elucidation of underlying mechanisms.