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Published in Ken Addley, MCQs, MEQs and OSPEs in Occupational Medicine, 2023
An age-specific rate is the incidence or mortality rate for a specified age group in which the numerator and denominator refer to the same age group; it is expressed as the number of new cancer cases or deaths per 100,000 population at risk. Cancer incidence rates are strongly related to age for all cancers combined, with the highest incidence rates being in older people.
Exercise testing in breast and prostate cancer
Published in R. C. Richard Davison, Paul M. Smith, James Hopker, Michael J. Price, Florentina Hettinga, Garry Tew, Lindsay Bottoms, Sport and Exercise Physiology Testing Guidelines: Volume II – Exercise and Clinical Testing, 2022
Cancer is a generic term for a large group of complex diseases, in which cells of the body grow and divide in an uncontrolled way. In more advanced disease, uncontrolled cellular growth invades and destroys neighbouring tissues and metastasises via the blood or lymphatic system to other sites. Data from Cancer Research UK (Cancer Research UK Cancer Incidence Statistics, 2017) and the World Cancer Research Fund (World Cancer Research Fund Cancer Statistics, 2017) show that there are over 350,000 new cases of cancer in the UK every year. Globally, breast cancer is the most commonly occurring cancer in women (World Cancer Research Fund Breast Cancer Statistics, 2018) and prostate cancer is the second most frequently occurring cancer in men, after lung cancer (Rawla, 2019). These cancers are amongst the most commonly researched in the scientific literature, and it is increasingly becoming acknowledged that physical activity (PA) and structured exercise has an important role to play in the care of breast and prostate cancer patients.
Cancer Epidemiology
Published in Trevor F. Cox, Medical Statistics for Cancer Studies, 2022
Cancer incidence is the number of new cancer registrations (cases) during a particular time period for a particular population. Cancer incidence rate (IR) is the number of cases relative to the population size and it is usually quoted per 100,000 people.
Synthesis and biological assessment of indole derivatives containing penta-heterocycles scaffold as novel anticancer agents towards A549 and K562 cells
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2023
Guanglong Zhang, Zhenhua Tang, Sili Fan, Chengpeng Li, Yan Li, Weiqin Liu, Xuesha Long, Wenjing Zhang, Yi Zhang, Zhurui Li, Zhenchao Wang, Danping Chen, Guiping Ouyang
Cancer, a kind of pathological proliferation of abnormal cells, fast, incontrollable, and unregulated, is the second leading cause of death worldwide after cardiovascular disease1,2. Worldwide, the cancer incidence, an estimated 19.3 million new cancer cases in 2020, compared to 2018, an estimated 18.1 million, increased by 6.2%. Lung cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer (11.6% of the total cases), closely followed by female breast cancer (11.6%), prostate cancer (7.1%), and colorectal cancer (6.1%) for incidence in 20183,4. Lung cancer and leukaemia remain major public health concern among current all diseases due to the toxicity and side effects of the available commercially synthesised drugs5,6. Currently, chemotherapy, surgical resection, and radio therapy are the main means of cancer treatment, while chemotherapy plays an indispensable role in current clinical treatment. However, due to poor selectivity, drug resistance and serious side effects of chemotherapy, its clinical application is limited. Therefore, it is of great significance to find, design and synthesise novel and highly effective targeted small molecule antitumor drugs for cancer treatment7–9.
The Association of Empirical Dietary Index for Hyperinsulinemia with the Risk of Cancer and Cancer Mortality: A Meta-analysis of Observational Studies
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2023
Hamid Ahmadirad, Farshad Teymoori, Reyhane Nateghi, Arman Shabanian, Parvin Mirmiran
Table 1 indicates the characteristics of the 14 included papers. All studies had been conducted in the United States and were published between 2018 and 2022. The number of participants in the studies examining the association between EDIH and the risk of cancer incidence ranged from 1024 to 169,973 with an age range of 26 and 87 years. During the follow-up period ranging from 7.3 to 30 years, 30,157 cancer incidences occurred. The sample size of studies for EDIH with cancer mortality ranged from 190 to 63,464 participants aged between 30–75 years. During 4.5–30 years of follow-up, 12,248 cancer mortality was reported. Studies included men (n = 5), women (n = 6), and both gender (n = 2) for cancer incidence and included men (n = 3), women (n = 3), and both genders (n = 1) for cancer mortality. Fourteen cohort studies investigated the EDIH-cancer incidence relationship with five main categories of cancer types (prostate (n = 2), liver-pancreas (n = 3), digestive system (n = 6), myeloma (n = 2), and breast (n = 1)). Furthermore, seven cohort studies assessed the association of EDIH with cancer mortality (myeloma (n = 2), digestive (n = 2), and all cancer (n = 3)). All cohort studies reported the H.R. and 95% CI for the association between EDIH and cancer incidence as well as mortality.
Increasing importance of breast cancer in Nepal
Published in Hospital Practice, 2022
Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui, Ajnish Ghimire, Jibran Sualeh Muhammad, Naveed Ahmed Khan
Worryingly, breast cancer accounts for more than 25% of all cancer cases, and 15% of cancer deaths occurring amongst females [7]. Moreover, cases are not only prevalent in females, but males also account for 0.8–1% of all cases of breast cancer [8]. To this end, breast cancer is thought to be a major public health concern in Africa, Asia, and South American nations. With a rising aging population, a rise in cancer incidence is evident. In a developing country like Nepal, cases of breast cancer are the second most common malignancy among Nepalese women. Breast cancer cases in Nepal account for 15.7% of all cases of cancer in Nepal [9]. This data shows that breast cancer plays a substantial burden in the healthcare system of Nepal and a recent report highlighted that the burden of cancer will increase in both males and females in Nepal [10]. Furthermore, in the past, information regarding cancer cases and particularly breast cancer cases was not well accounted for. Recently, since 2018, a population-based cancer registry has been instigated by the Nepal Health Research Council. This is expected to generate evidence on incidence, patterns, trends, mortality of cancer that could enhance the national capacity for sustainable planning of cancer control mechanisms in Nepal [11].