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Biosensors for Disease Diagnosis
Published in Ayodeji Olalekan Salau, Shruti Jain, Meenakshi Sood, Computational Intelligence and Data Sciences, 2022
Ramneet Kaur, Dibita Mandal, Juveria Ansari, Prachi R. Londhe, Vedika Potdar, Vishakkha Dash
In cancer, biosensors detect an analyte that is a cancer biomarker (CB) produced by tumor cells or by any other cells of the body in response to the tumor. There are various biosensors for cancer biomarkers. Biomarkers such as α-fetoprotein (AFP), cancer antigen 125 (CA-125), human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), IL-8 and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) are targets for various types of cancer and have bio-recognition elements antibody competitive assay and antibody sandwich assay [7]. The majority of the biomarkers do not have sufficient specificity and sensitivity for converting into clinical use or for monitoring the treatment. Such an area is a good opportunity for biosensor technology to potentially improve upon. Each cell in the human body has its own identifiable characteristics such as activities of genes, proteins or other molecular features and molecular signature. New analytical techniques are being developed for clinical cancer diagnosis, which is efficient in various delicate, and simultaneous detection of the biomarkers exhibits useful POCT. In the case of detecting cancer monoclonal antibodies, antigens won’t bind to the miRNAs corresponding to ssDNA [8]. The transducer is a device that converts a recognition signal into an electrical signal. It can be optical, colorimetric, electrochemical, or may even be based upon the mass changes. Transducers are useful as they are needed to provide high noise signals and radio wave signals; they give high levels of performance and also exhibit a superior resolution along with providing consistent results.
The Precision Medicine Approach in Oncology
Published in David E. Thurston, Ilona Pysz, Chemistry and Pharmacology of Anticancer Drugs, 2021
Examples of biomarkers include embryonic OCT-4 responsible for the self-renewal of embryonic stem cells, and cancer biomarkers such as Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) which is used to monitor colorectal carcinoma treatment, to identify recurrences after surgical resection and to localize cancer spread through measurement of biological fluids. CEA levels may be raised in other tumor types such as breast, gastric, lung, pancreatic, and medullary thyroid carcinomas, as well as in some noncancer conditions. Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) is another example of a cancer biomarker which is used to help diagnose prostate cancer in men, and to monitor treatment and tumor progression. Table 11.4 provides some examples of well-known cancer biomarkers, along with their associated anticancer agents and available biomarker tests.
Plant Lectins in Cancer Treatment: The Case of Viscum album L.
Published in Spyridon E. Kintzios, Maria G. Barberaki, Evangelia A. Flampouri, Plants That Fight Cancer, 2019
Cancer biomarkers are important for the detection, diagnosis, and prognosis of the disease in early stages, and there is a need to discover novel biomarkers to develop new diagnostics for use in clinical practice (Carrigan and Krahn 2016). A biomarker is an objectively measured characteristic that indicates biological or pathogenic processes in an organism by analyzing biomolecules such as nucleic acids, proteins, peptides, as well as biochemical modifications (Goossens et al. 2015).
Prognostic role and immune infiltration characteristics of EI24 in multiple cancer types
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2023
Wanli Yang, Wei Zhou, Xinhui Zhao, Lili Duan, Liaoran Niu, Yujie Zhang, Yiding Li, Xiaoqian Wang, Junfeng Chen, Aqiang Fan, Qibin Xie, Jinqiang Liu, Yu Han, Daiming Fan, Liu Hong
Cancer is a serious threat to life and health. Medical advances have led to high diagnostic accuracy and effective treatments; however, its pathology and natural course remain unclear [1,2]. Globally, there were approximately 19.3 million new cancer cases and 10.0 million cancer deaths in 2020, according to a cancer statistics report [2]. As there are no effective screening biomarkers for the early diagnosis, most patients are diagnosed only in the late stages [3]. Although targeted therapy and individualized treatment have led to significant advances in the treatment of tumors over the past few years, cancer is still a heavy economic burden on families and society [2,4,5]. The impact of cancer on global public health has attracted considerable research attention. Thus far, immunotherapy has become an important biological therapy for the treatment of cancer; however, immunotherapeutics have only been effective in a very small number of patients [4–6]. Therefore, identifying effective therapeutic targets and novel cancer biomarkers is important.
Saliva diagnostics: emerging techniques and biomarkers for salivaomics in cancer detection
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2022
Jieren Liu, Dongna Huang, Yuanzhe Cai, Zhihua Cao, Zhiyu Liu, Shuo Zhang, Lin Zhao, Xin Wang, Yuchuan Wang, Feijuan Huang, Zhengzhi Wu
Multi-omics research not only reveals the interaction network between molecules, but also contributes to causal inference from the molecular level. With the development of salivary diagnosis and the publicly available data growing, analysis platforms, and consortia, resources for multi-omics research will become more abundant, and the depth and breadth of salivary cancer diagnosis will be greatly expanded. Currently, tumor-derived exosomes are of great interest to researchers because they may be the key to communication between cancer and the oral cavity. At present, the application of salivary exosomes is expected to be applied in the accurate detection of precancerous lesions and early cancers. Further, the relevant cancer biomarkers in order to classify cancer type may be urgently needed, so as to have a more comprehensive understanding of the malignancies. This will also help the selection of a cancer diagnostic tool for a particular analyte. The exploration and establishment of saliva as a diagnostic tool could provide a safe and effective means of evaluating patients and personalizing treatment to achieve this goal. In conclusion, the contents discussed in this review suggest that saliva will have great value as a fluid sample for clinical diagnosis and prognosis in the near future.
Systematic review and meta-analysis of C-reactive protein as a biomarker in breast cancer
Published in Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences, 2022
Marta Kramer Mikkelsen, Nana Aviaja Frederikke Lindblom, Anne Dyhl-Polk, Carsten Bogh Juhl, Julia Sidenius Johansen, Dorte Nielsen
According to the National Cancer Institute’s dictionary of cancer terms, a biomarker is “a biological molecule found in blood, other body fluids, or tissues that is a sign of a normal or abnormal process, or of a condition or disease” [4]. The spectrum of possible biomarkers is great, and includes proteins, nucleic acids, antibodies, peptides or alterations in gene expression. Tumor biomarkers can arise both from the cancer cells and from cells in the extracellular matrix surrounding the cancer cells. The potential uses of cancer biomarkers include screening, determining prognosis, predicting response to therapy, and monitoring disease status [5,6]. While prognostic biomarkers indicate the risk of cancer-related events (e.g. recurrence or death) independent of treatment, predictive biomarkers estimate the likelihood of benefit to treatment [6,7].