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Organotin Chemistry
Published in Nate F. Cardarelli, Tin as a Vital Nutrient:, 2019
Bunsen was aware of the toxic effects of cacodylic acid,94 but it was Paul Ehrlich (1854 to 1915)95 who began systematic work on the organoarsenic compounds as anti-parasitic agents in medicine. His stupendous story is worth recounting here since it led in 1910 to the synthesis of the first drug specifically designed to overwhelm an invading microorganism without offending the host and opened the whole field of chemotherapy (a word Ehrlich coined).
Pyrogallol Autoxidation
Published in Robert A. Greenwald, CRC Handbook of Methods for Oxygen Radical Research, 2018
DTPA is used as chelator in the assay to suppress interference by Fe, Cu, and Mn ions. EDTA is unable to prevent acceleration by Fe.4 Hydrochloric acid is suggested here as titrator of Tris in the buffer instead of cacodylic acid.4 (Cacodylic acid of good quality has proven difficult to obtain.) Since chloride inhibits SOD more than cacodylate, the sensitivity of the assay will be about 30% lower.
Pesticides and Chronic Diseases
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
Insecticides are generally classified into several categories. Organochlorines include such products as lindane, chlordane, dieldrin, aldrin, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, endrin, endosulfan, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), benzene hexachloride (BHC), and others. OPs include parathion, malathion, diazinon, and many others.11–13 Carbamates are similar to OPs in that they interfere with cholinesterase, and they include aldicarb, carbofuran, and carbaryl. Other classes are pyrethrums, pyrethroids, pyrethrins and their chemical relatives, which include permethrin, allethrin, fenothrin, and others. Arsenicals, which include cacodylic acid, monosodium methyl arsonate, methane arsenic acid, and many others, constitute another distinct group of pesticides. Further, pesticide families include pentachlorophenol (PCP), nitrophenolic herbicides, chlorophenoxy compounds, paraquat, diquat, thiocarbamates and dithiocarbamates, and others. There are approximately 100 pesticides; each general category of some common pesticides is discussed separately. The majority have been found to trigger chemical sensitivity or propagate it.
High-protein diet associated with resistance training reduces cardiac TNF-α levels and up-regulates MMP-2 activity in rats
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2022
Murilo Esteves Nogueira, Ivo Vieira Sousa Neto, Daisy Motta-Santos, Ana Paula de Castro Cantuária, Stella Maris de Freitas Lima, Taia Maria Berto Rezende, Hugo Alexandre de Paula Santana, Bernardo Assis Petriz, Rita de Cássia Marqueti, Jeeser Alves Almeida
Gelatine Zymography was performed to measure MMP-2 activity. Frozen heart tissue with ∼25 mg of the LV were homogenised in a tube containing 1 ml of extraction buffer (10 mmol.L−1 cacodylic acid, 0.15 mol.L−1 NaCl, 1 mol.L−1 ZnCl2, 20 mmol.L−1 CaCl2, 1.5 mmol.L−1 NaN3 and 0.01% Triton X-100), five stainless steel balls (BioSpec Products, Bartlesville, OK, USA) and three silicon-carbide sharp particles by being shaken in a FastPrep-24 instrument (MP Biomedicals, Solon, OH, USA). Then, the solution was centrifuged for 30 min (13000 g at 4 °C), and a NanoDrop® spectrophotometer (ND-1000; NanoDrop Technologies Inc., Wilmington, DE, USA) was used to quantify the protein concentrations.
Dimethylarsinic acid modulates the aryl hydrocarbon receptor-regulated genes in C57BL/6 mice: in vivo study
Published in Xenobiotica, 2018
Osama H. Elshenawy, Ghada Abdelhamid, Hassan N. Althurwi, Ayman O. S. El-Kadi
The fate of arsenic in the human body is complex. Once absorbed, arsenate (As(V)) is reduced to arsenite (As(III)) mainly in the blood and liver, with some reduction probably occurring in the gastrointestinal tract and the stomach. As(III) is then taken into cells and methylated intracellularly to monomethylarsonic acid (MMA(V)), monomethylarsonous acid (MMA(III)), dimethylarsinic acid (DMA(V); cacodylic acid), dimethylarsinous acid (DMA(III)), and trimethylarsine oxide (TMAO) (Aposhian et al., 2004; Cohen et al., 2006). Though biomethylation was considered a detoxification process, recent studies have demonstrated that organic metabolites of arsenic could play a predominant role in arsenic toxic and carcinogenic effects (Elshenawy & El-Kadi, 2015a,b; Hughes, 2009; Martinez et al., 2011). In addition, studies revealed that, cells with higher rates of arsenic metabolism have increased susceptibility to DNA oxidative damage and induction of tumorigenesis (Pace et al., 2016).