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Organotin Chemistry
Published in Nate F. Cardarelli, Tin as a Vital Nutrient:, 2019
The first organometallic compound, contained in Cadet’s fuming arsenical liquid of 1760, was a mixture of cacodyl derivatives including tetramethyldiarsine, (CH3)2AsAs(CH3)2, and dimethylarsenous oxide, [(CH3)2As]2O, as identified by Robert Bunsen in the mid 19th century. Recognition of the biological effects of organometallic compounds followed closely on their initial discovery. The new monograph by Thayer brings together information on organometallic compounds and living organisms.65 The biochemistry of silicon is treated in a report of the 1977 Nobel Symposium on that topic.66 Environmental aspects are covered in the ACS Symposium Series monograph which emerged from a 1978 meeting67 and have been reviewed more recently.68–70 The toxicology71 and medicinal aspects72,73 have also received attention.
Brief History and Use of Chemical Warfare Agents in Warfare and Terrorism
Published in Brian J. Lukey, James A. Romano, Salem Harry, Chemical Warfare Agents, 2019
Harry Salem, Andrew L. Ternay Jr., Jeffery K. Smart
During the siege of Petersburg, Virginia in 1864, Forrest Shepherd of New Haven sent a letter to President Abraham Lincoln, suggesting mixing sulfuric acid with hydrochloric or muriatic acid to form a dense toxic cloud. Being slightly heavier than the atmosphere and a visible white color, the cloud would conceal the operator while the breeze blew it across enemy lines. Once it hit the enemy lines, it would cause coughing, sneezing, and tearing, which would prevent the enemy from aiming their guns but would not kill them (Miles, 1958b). Also during the siege, Confederate Colonel William Blackford directed that tunnels be dug toward the Union lines to discover Union tunneling operations and, when the enemy tunnels were found, to use cartridges of obnoxious smoke to suffocate or drive out the enemy troops in them. The composition of the smoke was not clearly defined, but it could have been generated from gunpowder with a much higher proportion of sulfur to create a sulfur dioxide cloud when burned. Another possibility was that the material was similar to the mixture used in stink bombs, which would contain sulfur, rosin, pitch, asafetida, and horse-hoof raspings, as well as other materials designed to produce nauseating smokes (Blackford, 1945; Miles, 1959). The use of stink shells was also suggested by Confederate Brigadier General William Pendleton in 1864 to break the siege of Petersburg. He wanted a shell that combined an explosive with an offensive gas that would “render the vicinity of each falling shell intolerable” (U.S. War Department, 1891). Also in 1864, Captain E. C. Boynton described a cacodyl glass grenade that combined an incendiary with a toxic gas. He envisioned this for use against wooden ships, since cacodyl (C4H6As3), a heavy, oily liquid, burst into flame on contact with the air and also produced toxic fumes (Boynton, 1864).
Vitamin E ameliorates alterations to the articular cartilage of knee joints induced by monoiodoacetate and diabetes mellitus in rats
Published in Ultrastructural Pathology, 2019
Waleed N. Hassan, Ismaeel Bin-Jaliah, Mohamed A. Haidara, Refaat A. Eid, El Hassan A. Heidar, Mohammad Dallak, Bahjat Al-Ani
Small pieces of cartilage were removed from the deep zone of different areas of the articular cartilage. Multiple random samples were taken from each piece of cartilage and fixed with 2.5% (wt/vol) sodium cacodyl buffered glutaraldehyde, pH 7.2 at 4°C for 2 h. Samples were also post-fixed in 1% sodium cacodyl buffered osmium tetroxide, pH 7.2 for 1 h.