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Thromboembolism and Cancer
Published in Hau C. Kwaan, Meyer M. Samama, Clinical Thrombosis, 2019
Benjamin Esparaz, Merrill S. Kies, Hau C. Kwaan
Patients with promyelocytic and acute monocytic leukemia are at high risk for DIC at the time of presentation, as cytotoxic therapy often aggravates this situation. Continuous heparin infusion therapy has been shown to effectively prevent the onset of DIC or reduce its severity, resulting in a considerable increase in response rate and survival.40–42,111,112 Most investigators monitor platelet count, prothrombin (PT), APTT, clottable fibrinogen, factor assays, and fibrinogen degradation product levels. Blood products are given as deficiencies appear. With increasing control of the underlying leukemia, these abnormalities progressively diminish. In contrast, withholding heparin during induction chemotherapy in patients with clinical or laboratory evidence of DIC has led to disastrous results in some,111,112 but not all,113 reported experiences.
Relationships Between Potassium and Cancer
Published in Maryce M. Jacobs, Vitamins and Minerals in the Prevention and Treatment of Cancer, 2018
Maryce M. Jacobs, Roman J. Pienta
Parker et al.35 reported on a case of acute monocytic leukemia (AML) in which the patient’s serum potassium was extremely low (1.0 mMol/L). Despite the low plasma potassium the patient was excreting 57 mMol/L of potassium in the urine. TBK, as measured by whole body counting of 40K, was 2.5 mol. The expected value was 2.0 ± 0.16 mol. The high TBK was explained by the additional potassium present in the leukemic cell mass.
Acute Myeloid Leukemia without Specific Genetic Changes
Published in Wojciech Gorczyca, Atlas of Differential Diagnosis in Neoplastic Hematopathology, 2014
Acute monoblastic leukemia is defined as AML in which ≥80% of the leukemic cells are of monocytic lineage (monoblasts, promonocytes, and monocytes) [1]. Acute monoblastic leukemia can be further subdivided based on the proportion of monoblasts and promonocytes into acute monoblastic leukemia (FAB: AML-M5a; monoblasts predominate) and acute monocytic leukemia (FAB: AML-M5b; promonocytes predominate). Acute monoblastic leukemia occurs at any age but is most common in young persons. It often involves extramedullary sites, including the skin, gingival, and central nervous system.
Importance of distinguishing the promonocyte in leukemia
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2020
John R. Krause, Arthur Bredeweg
A 78-year-old woman presented to the emergency room complaining of fatigue. A complete blood count included a white blood cell count of 12 × 109/L, hemoglobin of 6.2 g/dL, hematocrit of 18.2%, and platelets of 7 × 109/L. The peripheral blood smear review was worrisome for acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) (Figure 1d), showing increased numbers of mononuclear cells, many of which had prominent azurophilic granules. As this was a Friday evening, treatment for APL was started while awaiting the results of a promyelocytic leukemia/retinoic acid receptor alpha fluorescence in situ hybridization test. On Monday, the results were reported as negative, and flow cytometry revealed immature monocytes. The patient was now considered to have acute monocytic leukemia, possibly arising from chronic myelomonocytic leukemia, as dysplastic features were also noted in the myeloid cell lines. She was transferred to our hospital and treatment was switched to azacitidine.
Curcumin inhibited the growth and invasion of human monocytic leukaemia SHI-1 cells in vivo by altering MAPK and MMP signalling
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2020
Guohua Zhu, Qun Shen, Hong Jiang, Ou Ji, Lingling Zhu, Linyang Zhang
Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is a heterogeneous haematologic malignancy characterized by the clonal expansion of immature myeloid cells and bone marrow failure (Saultz and Garzon 2016). The complete remission rates of acute monocytic leukaemia are relatively low in the clinic, and a considerable number of patients die due to chemotherapy drug resistance as well as intramedullary and extramedullary relapse. AML is the most common form of acute leukaemia among adults, and it accounts for the largest number of annual deaths from leukaemia in the United States. An estimated 21,450 people are expected to be diagnosed with AML, and 10,920 patients are expected to die of AML in 2019 (Siegel et al. 2019).
Intraperitoneal cancer-immune microenvironment promotes peritoneal dissemination of gastric cancer
Published in OncoImmunology, 2019
Shuichi Sakamoto, Shunsuke Kagawa, Kazuya Kuwada, Atene Ito, Hiroki Kajioka, Yoshihiko Kakiuchi, Megumi Watanabe, Tetsuya Kagawa, Ryuichi Yoshida, Satoru Kikuchi, Shinji Kuroda, Hiroshi Tazawa, Toshiyoshi Fujiwara
This study has potential limitations that need to be addressed. First, THP-1 acute monocytic leukemia cells were used as a model for human monocytes.56 These cells have been widely used to investigate the function of monocytes and macrophages, but some differences relative to human peripheral blood monocytes have been identified.57,58 For example, the THP-1 cells express lower levels of CD14 and are less responsive to LPS than primary monocytes.59 Though THP-1-derived macrophages might not entirely mimic primary monocytes, the cells exhibit some of the functions of macrophages, as previous studies demonstrated. However, it is important to interpret the study results keeping in mind that the findings were obtained from THP-1-derived cells. It is desirable to validate the results in this study under other conditions to draw more definite conclusions. Second, “M2-like” CD163+ cells were mainly used, and M1-like cells were not investigated. M1-like polarized cells may also produce IL-6.19 The accumulating evidence shows that TAMs have a spectrum of different activation states and share phenotypes of both M1 and M2. Thus, the intraperitoneal TME would be more dynamic and complex than the experimental models. Third, common problems in cell culture experiments must be taken into account to interpret the results, such as genetic instability and contamination with microorganisms that propagating cell lines might have. The cells used in the present study were not tested for mycoplasma. However, only cells purchased directly from commercial providers were used, using cells of as low passages as possible, usually less than 10 passages. Therefore, these efforts would have minimized fluctuations in the experimental results.