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Face Masks and Hand Sanitizers
Published in Hanadi Talal Ahmedah, Muhammad Riaz, Sagheer Ahmed, Marius Alexandru Moga, The Covid-19 Pandemic, 2023
Shahzad Sharif, Mahnoor Zahid, Maham Saeed, Izaz Ahmad, M. Zia-Ul-Haq, Rizwan Ahmad
Pathogens can be removed from hands by washing hands with soap and using sanitizers but effectiveness of antimicrobial agents (synthetic substance that can kill pathogen) is greater than ordinary soaps and sanitizers [226]. The CDC, WHO, and infection control Ministry of Health Malaysia recommended standard of 7 steps method with 40-60 seconds hand washing duration. Alcoholic sanitizers with 60% concentration of alcohol were found more effective to kill microbes as compared to antimicrobial soaps [164]. Washing hands with soap/water instead of sanitizer is recommended when unclean and greasy because of less penetration power of sanitizers. The approximate duration of 20-30 seconds is recommended for hand rubs using sanitizers.
Radiation Protection of Staff and the Public
Published in W. P. M. Mayles, A. E. Nahum, J.-C. Rosenwald, Handbook of Radiotherapy Physics, 2021
Mike Rosenbloom, W. P. M. Mayles
Bed linen and clothing should be changed frequently and put into plastic bags. Each item should be monitored and if contaminated, washed in the designated washing machine, dried and re-monitored. Items still contaminated can be placed in labelled plastic bags and stored in a designated locked room until the remaining activity can be neglected. Contaminated waste should be macerated for disposal as liquid waste or bagged for future disposal as solid radioactive waste.
Communicable Diseases
Published in Miriam Orcutt, Clare Shortall, Sarah Walpole, Aula Abbara, Sylvia Garry, Rita Issa, Alimuddin Zumla, Ibrahim Abubakar, Handbook of Refugee Health, 2021
Early detection and control of epidemics requires robust surveillance systems; however, this can be challenging in contexts of large population movements. Hand hygiene is one of the most effective methods for preventing transmission of food-, water- and air-borne pathogens. Hand-washing facilities and sufficient soap should always be made available near toilets. Hand hygiene is ensured by washing hands with soap and water for at least 40–60 seconds or by rubbing hands with an alcohol-based solution for 20–30 seconds, if available. For healthcare workers and carers, hands should be washed frequently, especially before and after contact with sick people, before and after preparing food, before meals and after using the toilet.
Design and evaluation of multifunctional protective clothing for tunnel workers
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2023
Peng Jin, Runtian Jiang, Qing Chen, Jintu Fan, Rong Zheng
High-visibility protective clothing is required to visually represent the presence of the wearer. According to Standard No. GB 20653:2020 ‘Protective clothing – occupational high-visibility warning clothing’ [26], the minimum retroreflective coefficient of the protective clothing was measured. The protective clothing was machine-washed 100 times at a washing temperature of 40 °C, with a water bath ratio of 1:30. After washing was completed, it was dried at a temperature of 65 °C for 2 h and dried for 6 h naturally in the test environment. The conditions of the test environment were set to a temperature of 20 °C and a relative humidity of 60%. A pre-calibrated retroreflective coefficient tester (Radvista 932, USA), with an accuracy of ±0.2%, was used to measure the minimum retroreflective coefficient of the protective clothing at different angles of incidence and observation.
The ability of face masks to reduce transmission of microbes
Published in Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 2022
Parthasarathi Kalaiselvan, Shyam Sunder Tummanapalli, Ajay Kumar Vijay, Prateek Bahl, Chandini Raina MacIntyre, Mark D P Willcox
The finding that face masks become contaminated during wear is perhaps not surprising. These contaminants are likely to be innocuous if the mask is worn when the wearer is not infected by potential pathogens. However, if the wearer is infected, with for example SARS-CoV-2, the mask may act as a source of infection for other people and a continuous source of inoculation for the wearer. There have been several reports of an increase in rhino-orbital mucormycosis during the COVID-19 pandemic, especially in India.19,20 Whilst there is yet to be firm scientific evidence linking face mask use to mucormycosis, the press is littered with claims of association with face masks or with overuse of steroids. Epidemiological studies designed to test these associations are clearly needed. The contamination results from the current study indicate that masks should be discarded frequently or, if re-usable, the mask should be washed after every use. The method of washing may be important. Washing masks by hand doubled the risk of infection of healthcare workers with seasonal respiratory viruses compared to masks washed in the hospital laundry.21 Daily washing of masks for healthcare workers has been recommended.21
Effect of oral administration of Triphala, a polyphenol-rich prebiotic, on scalp sebum in patients with scalp seborrhea a randomized clinical trial
Published in Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 2022
Elham Zareie, Parvin Mansouri, Hamed Hosseini, Omid Sadeghpour, Laila Shirbeigi, Someyeh Hejazi, Majid Emtiazy
Oily skin (seborrhea) characterizes by a shiny and greasy appearance. Sebum, as a hydrophobic coating, lubricates skin and hair and provides an antibacterial shield. Seborrhea occurs because of excessive amounts of sebum produced by oversized sebaceous glands. In addition to its adverse effects on one’s mood and social interactions, seborrhea may predispose sufferers to other skin disorders, such as acne and seborrheic dermatitis (1–3). Suggestions on how to control seborrhea define in a wide spectrum. Frequent washing is recommended in cases without complications. Antifungals, contraceptives, or even isotretinoin may recommend, especially when symptoms of seborrheic dermatitis or acne are associated. Although these treatments can help reduce symptoms, their potentially more severe adverse effects, especially with long-term use, cannot be ignored (4–6). Even the need for frequent washing not only affects the sufferer’s daily life, but also may lead to sensitive or irritable skin; thus, it does not seem an efficient recommendation (1,7).