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Spray Drying and Pharmaceutical Applications
Published in Dilip M. Parikh, Handbook of Pharmaceutical Granulation Technology, 2021
Metin Çelik, Pavan Muttil, Gülşilan Binzet, Susan C. Wendell
Another type of atomization employed for pharmaceuticals is supercritical fluid nebulization. The process uses carbon dioxide as an aerosolization aid, which permits drying at lower temperatures than usually needed in conventional spray drying [132]. Within the atomization system, supercritical carbon dioxide is intimately mixed with aqueous solutions containing API, often proteins or peptides. The outcome is the formation of microbubbles, which are rapidly dried in less than five seconds, resulting in dried particles predominately less than 3 mm in diameter [133,134]. This method is generally applied for the production of materials for pulmonary use or to achieve increased bioavailability [135].
Marine Natural Products for Human Health Care
Published in Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, Megh R. Goyal, Health Benefits of Secondary Phytocompounds from Plant and Marine Sources, 2021
SCFs have the advantage of low viscosity, good solvation power, and superior mass transfer properties. They easily penetrate microporous materials, making them appropriate for marine natural product extraction. It has other benefits, such as chemical inertness, nontoxicity, non-flammability, non-corrosiveness, and cost effectiveness. Supercritical carbon dioxide easily evaporates into the atmosphere after extraction, hence is the most preferred solvent and can be used at low temperatures [14].
Aromatic Medicine
Published in Anil K. Sharma, Raj K. Keservani, Surya Prakash Gautam, Herbal Product Development, 2020
Sakshi Bajaj, Himangini Bansal
There are five intentions in picking supercritical carbon dioxide as the extraction medium: It has a basic temperature of 31 ºC; this implies extractions can be led at temperatures that are low enough not to harm the physicochemical properties of the extract.It is dormant in nature; in this manner, there is no danger of side responses, for example, oxidation.It is nontoxic; carbon dioxide is an innocuous material that is frequently utilized in beverages. It has been acknowledged by most European food and drugs acts as an extraction medium for the isolation of food related compounds.It has a low polarity; the extremity of carbon dioxide is near that of pentane and hexane, which are solvents commonly utilized in fluid extraction procedures. In this manner, a comparative scope of mixes can be extricated utilizing both techniques.It permits fractionated separation; by basically picking distinctive temperature and weight conditions for various consecutive separator vessels, a fractionated separation of the organic compounds can be achieved.
An expert opinion on respiratory delivery of high dose powders for lung infections
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2022
Bishal Raj Adhikari, Jack Dummer, Keith C. Gordon, Shyamal C. Das
Another crystallization technique that can be used to produce inhalable particles is the supercritical fluid technique. When a liquid or gaseous substance is exposed to high temperature and pressure, it exhibits properties of both liquid and gas and is commonly referred to as supercritical fluid [61]. The temperature and pressure above which the fluid starts to show such behavior is called the critical point. For example, critical temperature and pressure for supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2) are 31.1 °C and 7.38 MPa, respectively. This fluid has the potential to be a green alternative to the use of organic solvents as it is inert and non-toxic [62]. In this technique, the drug of interest is dissolved in a solvent or supercritical fluid and crystallization can be brought about by modulating temperature/pressure or adding antisolvent or supercritical fluid [61,63]. This technique has been mainly explored to produce low dose dry powder. For example, carrier-free dry powder of budesonide prepared using acetone and supercritical CO2 (antisolvent) showed an FPF of 33% when measured using an impactor and Clickhaler® [64]. This technique has unexplored potential for high dose inhalable formulations.
Ternary solid dispersions: classification and formulation considerations
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2021
Shambhavi Borde, Sagar Kumar Paul, Harsh Chauhan
The supercritical fluid method generally uses supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) as a solubilizing solvent or anti-solvent. SC-CO2 has been widely used due to its nontoxic, inflammable nature as well as its relatively lower critical points (critical pressure =7.38 MPa, critical temperature =31.1 °C). SC-CO2 is considered as an alternative green solvent to conventional organic solvents [110]. When using SC-CO2 as a solvent, the components are dissolved in SC-CO2 and sprayed through a nozzle into an expansion vessel. In contrast, SC-CO2 as antisolvent leads to the precipitation of components as solid dispersion particles, which were initially dissolved in the organic solvent. This method has some distinct features of operating at lower temperatures to avoid heat decomposition, lower residual organic solvent, and one-step production of powders with better flowability, which makes it a promising method to prepare solid dispersions. Yin et al. reported the preparation of itraconazole TSD (D-P-P), which showed no weight loss due to residual solvent in thermogravimetric analysis and also mentioned that through the manipulation of the working conditions of pressure, temperature, solution concentration, and flow rate in the nozzle, it was possible to control the size, shape, and morphology of the products [44]. Other researchers have also used this method for preparing the D–P–P type of TSDs [33,110].
In vivo immunogenicity of bovine bone removed by a novel decellularization protocol based on supercritical carbon dioxide
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2018
Ling You, Xu Weikang, Yang Lifeng, Liang Changyan, Lin Yongliang, Wei Xiaohui, Xu Bin
During the process of decellularization, physical methods and biological/chemical reagents are used in combination to lyse cells, followed by rinsing to remove cell debris. Due to its compatible with biological materials and leaves no toxic residues within the treated material, supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) has been used to decellularized tissue and processed artificial scaffold [11,12]. Under 32 °C and 7.4 MPa, SC-CO2 is shown to effectively remove cells and DNA from aortic tissue in only 15 min [13]. Properties resembling those of native tissue, have been demonstrated for the acellular scaffold of the bone unit using SC-CO2 as a feasible decellularization method [14]. In addition, it was reported that SC-CO2 can also sterilize tissue or artificial scaffold effectively, which could causes minor changes in mechanical properties or higher biocompatibility when compared to other sterilization methods [15–20].