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Asphyxia
Published in Kevin L. Erskine, Erica J. Armstrong, Water-Related Death Investigation, 2021
Hydrogen sulfide is a gas originating from the natural environment, organic decomposition, and industry. Specific sources include sewers, septic tanks, the manufacture of petroleum-containing products and paper, natural gas, and volcanoes.8 It is commonly described as having a rotten egg odor. At higher concentrations in the ambient environment and with prolonged inhalation, its odor becomes undetectable due to paralysis of the olfactory nerves, and respiratory impairment and unconsciousness may ensue.8 Due to the occupational hazards and past reports of deaths, OSHA regulations restrict the amount of exposure and require training, equipment for detection of the gas, and the use of respiratory protective equipment.13,14 The action of H2S is at the cellular level, similar to cyanide. During the scene investigation, blackening of metal objects, including coins, may be noted. At autopsy, a greenish discoloration of the tissues, in addition to the characteristic odor, may be noted. Prompt toxicological testing may reveal elevated sulfate ion or thiosulfate levels.8
Xenobiotic Biotransformation
Published in Robert G. Meeks, Steadman D. Harrison, Richard J. Bull, Hepatotoxicology, 2020
Arylamine biotransformation provides an additional example of how dose and duration of exposure can influence the degree of toxicity. Sulfation, glucuronidation, and acetylation all result in electrophilic intermediates (Kadlubar and Beland, 1985). The acetylated and glucuronidated conjugates however, are more stable than the sulfated conjugate; therefore, acetylation and glucuronidation are considered detoxifying (Mulder, 1979). Acute exposures tend to lead to conjugation with the sulfate since it is a low-affinity, high-capacity system. As the dose increases, acetylation and glucuronidation tend to predominate since acetylation is an intermediate affinity and capacity system and glucuronidation is a low-affinity, high-capacity system. With chronic exposures, glucuronidation is favored since it is inducible and sulfation and acetylation are not.
Lifestyle Influences on the Microbiome
Published in David Perlmutter, The Microbiome and the Brain, 2019
Sulfur-reducing bacteria (SRB) consume hydrogen in the generation of H2S, an autacoid with both pro-27,28 and anti-inflammatory29 signaling attributes. Like Archea, SRB are found in about half of human stool specimens30 and attach directly to colonic mucosa.30 Although sulfate-reducing activity is found in many phyla, the dominant SRB in the human colon are members of the genus Desulfovibrio in the phylum Proteobacteria.31 Dietary sulfur is found in ingested protein and in sulfate and sulfite preservatives added to a variety of foods, like bread, preserved meat, dried fruit, and wine. Sulfate is also present in the common food additive carrageenan. Even without food, sulfur is present in sulfated glycans present in host-derived colonic mucus. Unlike Archaea, which through their syntrophism with Ruminococcus grow well in a carbohydrate-rich environment, Desulfovibrio piger, is syntrophic with Bacteroides species like B. thetaiotamicron and thrives when animals are fed a diet high in sugar and fat and low in complex polysaccharides.32 When the diet lacks complex polysaccharides, Bacteroides-derived sulfatases liberate sulfates from mucosal glycans,33 helping D. piger fill its appetite for sulfur.
Pollution assessment and estimation of the percentages of toxic elements to be removed to make polluted drinking water safe: a case from Nigeria
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2023
Johnbosco C. Egbueri, Daniel A. Ayejoto, Johnson C. Agbasi
Sulfate is naturally found in water as a result of gypsum and other common minerals leaching. The discharge of industrial wastes and home sewage tends to increase the concentration of this substance (Hammarstrom et al.2005, Porowski et al.2019). As seen in Table 1, the values of this parameter in the waters tested in this study area are highly varied. They range from 7.0 to 130 mg/L, with an average of 40.643 mg/L, well below WHO and NIS guidelines of 250 mg/L. The occurrence of a high SO42− concentration is attributable to the rocks that the water passes through. It is suggested that the geology of this area could also comprise of sedimentary deposits such as gypsum (CaSO4). Interestingly, the examined waters meet the NIS (2007) and WHO (2017) benchmark of SO4 concentration of less than 250 mg/L.
In silico prediction of post-translational modifications in therapeutic antibodies
Published in mAbs, 2022
Tyrosine sulfation is an enzymatic modification that is catalyzed by tyrosylprotein sulfotransferases (TPSTs). During sulfation, a sulfate group is attached to the hydroxyl group of tyrosine residues.111 Tyrosine sulfation has been reported for a few monoclonal and bispecific antibodies.111–114 Sulfation of mAbs can occur in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells during the cell culture. The degree of tyrosine sulfation in CHO cells varies due to differential expression of phosphoadenosine-5ʹ-phosphosulfate (PAPS) synthetase and TPST. PAPS synthetase converts ATP to PAPS; TPST transfers the sulfo group from PAPs to tyrosine residues.115 Sulfation in mAbs generates acidic variants,111 but the impact of tyrosine sulfation on the safety and efficacy of therapeutic antibodies has not yet been established.5
Removal of malathion insecticide from aqueous solution by the integration of persulfate process and magnetite nanoparticles loaded on carbon (Fe3O4@CNT) in the presence of ultraviolet radiation
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Malektaj Eskandari makvand, Sima Sabzalipour, Mahboobeh Cheraghia, Neda Orak
In this paper, we investigated the efficiency of the combined process of sulfate and magnetite nanoparticles loaded on carbon concerning the removal of malathion in the presence of ultraviolet radiation and an aqueous environment. The mechanism of malathion destruction in the acidic environment in the PS/MNP@C/UV system was successfully carried out. Furthermore, scavenging was observed at higher concentrations of sulfate. About 82% of malathion was removed at pH = 5, PS = 1.5 mM, and MNP = 0.4 gr/L during a reaction time of 60 min, in which the first constant rate of 0.0270 min-1 was achieved. Moreover, the iron nanoparticles (MNP) performed better than the homogeneous iron forms. On the other hand, the presence of chloride ions significantly decreased malathion destruction. In addition, the catalytic activity of iron nanoparticles for the sulfate-based (persulfate) oxidants revealed good performance. The presence of UV (ultraviolet) radiation improved the efficiency of the PS/MNP system in malathion destruction. In sum, the results obtained in this paper showed the proper performance of the proposed system in mineralizing malathion by removing COD and TOC. Furthermore, the quenching study confirmed the significance of the sulfate radicals in the removal of malathion. It could be concluded that this advanced hybrid oxidation process can be utilized as an emerging and promising process for the treatment of resistant pollutants.