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Disorders of Consciousness
Published in Philip B. Gorelick, Fernando D. Testai, Graeme J. Hankey, Joanna M. Wardlaw, Hankey's Clinical Neurology, 2020
Carbon monoxide poisoning (Figure 4.20): carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin 200 times more avidly than oxygen. It is obtained from: Car exhaust fumes.Fumes from incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, particularly in poorly ventilated heating systems.Household gas where natural gas is not used.Metabolic conversion of methylene chloride that is found in paint strippers.
Organic Chemicals
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
Dichloromethane is a major component of paint strippers and degreasers. It is also used as a solvent for oils, fats, and waxes. At the EHC-Dallas, 15.7% of chemically sensitive patients studied had this substance identified in their blood. After using environmental control or outpatient treatment using heat depuration, 66% of these patients had cleared this substance from their blood.
Inhalant Abuse
Published in John Brick, Handbook of the Medical Consequences of Alcohol and Drug Abuse, 2012
Carboxyhemoglobinemia occurs when carbon monoxide (CO) binds to hemoglobin and thus impairs further oxygen binding to hemoglobin and oxygen delivery to tissues. Poisoning by CO has frequently been reported after exposure to methylene chloride, a volatile hydrocarbon commonly found in paint strippers. Methylene chloride is metabolized slowly (over a three-to-eight hour time period) to CO. Methylene chloride poisoning has been frequently reported while the patient was stripping paint in a semienclosed area (Rioux and Myers, 1989; Stewart and Hake, 1976). There are also reports of intentional abuse of methylene chloride products (Horowitz, 1986; Sturmann, Mofenson, and Caraccio, 1985). Interestingly, methylene chloride exposure has not been associated with lethal arrhythmias in the human or animal literature (LoVecchio and Gerkin, 1997).
Major component causing neurological toxicity in acute glufosinate ammonium poisoning: determination of glufosinate, 1-methoxy-2-propanol, and ammonia in serum and cerebrospinal fluid
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2022
Seonghoon Yeon, Sung Hwa Kim, Juhyun Sim, Sunchun Kim, Yoonsuk Lee, Hyun Kim, Yong Sung Cha
The active ingredient, glufosinate, is a glutamate analogue and can cause excessive stimulation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDA) among rats [8] and mice [9]. It can also inhibit glutamine synthetase (GS) in mice [9], which can lead to hyperammonaemia [10]. 1M2P is an organic solvent and is used in a wide range of solvent-based coatings, industrial cleaners, commercial paint strippers, and agricultural pesticides. In an animal study, oral gavage administration of 1M2P administered to rats and dogs over a duration of 13 and 14 weeks caused dose-dependent, mild-to-severe central nervous system (CNS) depression [11]. SLES is an inexpensive and effective foaming agent used as an anionic surfactant in cosmetic products such as soaps, shampoos, and toothpaste [12]. The toxic effects of SLES have been reported as cardiovascular side effects, such as vasodilatory and cardiostimulatory effects at low doses and cardiosuppressive effects at high doses in rats [13].
Drugs of abuse and ocular effects
Published in Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 2021
Valérie Proulx, Benoit Tousignant
Inhalants constitute a large group of volatiles psychoactive products which are highly addictive. There are three categories of inhalants: volatile alkyl nitrites, nitrous oxide, and volatile solvents. Volatile solvents described in the literature include gasoline, nail-polish remover, typewriter correction fluid, paint stripper, adhesive glue, and other household products.