China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Inhalation Toxicity of Metal Particles and Vapors
Published in Jacob Loke, Pathophysiology and Treatment of Inhalation Injuries, 2020
With regard to industrial exposure, the metal fume fever resulting from inhalation of freshly formed fumes of zinc oxide presents the most significant effect. Zinc oxide is a product or byproduct in zinc smelting, the manufacture of zinc oxide and powder, the production of brass, and the melting of galvanized iron. These processes yield an aerosol of zinc oxide particles of about 1 μm (Athanassiadis, 1969). It has been suggested that only the freshly formed material is potent. However, it is most likely that particle size is the most important factor (Johnson and Stonehill, 1961). The disease has an acute onset, and although there is no form of chronic metal fume fever, repeated bouts are common (Doig and Challen, 1964). It appears that following the initial response resulting in “chills,” resistance to the condition develops after a few days of exposure, but also wears off quickly, hence the term Monday morning fever. Metal fume fever may occur on the first day a new worker is exposed, and there appears to be no latent period for sensitization to occur. Since metal fume fever occurs in the absence of prior exposure, it has been suggested that the fever and other symptoms are most likely due to chemotaxis of polymorphs and not to an immunologic reaction. While zinc oxide fumes ate the most common cause of metal fume fever, inhalation of other metal oxides (i.e., copper, magnesium, cadmium, iron, manganese, nickel, selenium, tin, and antimony) may induce this reaction.
Evaluating Toxic Tort Cases
Published in Julie Dickinson, Anne Meyer, Karen J. Huff, Deborah A. Wipf, Elizabeth K. Zorn, Kathy G. Ferrell, Lisa Mancuso, Marjorie Berg Pugatch, Joanne Walker, Karen Wilkinson, Legal Nurse Consulting Principles and Practices, 2019
William P. Gavin, Mark A. Love, Wendie A. Howland
Metal fume fever is a temporary condition characterized by cough, chest pain, a feeling of pressure in the chest, fever, malaise, and nausea. It has been associated with inhaling fluorides, cadmium, chromium, and zinc (Fuortes, Leo, Ellerbeck, & Friell, 1991).
Respiratory Effects
Published in Lars Friberg, Tord Kjellström, Carl-Gustaf Elinder, Gunnar F. Nordberg, Cadmium and Health: A Toxicological and Epidemiological Appraisal, 2019
Acute inhalation of freshly generated cadmium fumes is a well-known hazard in industry, especially during the welding or cutting of materials containing cadmium. Usually there is only slight discomfort at the time of exposure and thus, lethal exposure is possible without prior warning. Typical cases of such poisonings have been described by Paterson,75 Huck,45 Reinl,86 Lamy et al.,56 Kleinfeld,53 Blejer et al.,10 Beton et al.,9 Townshend,101 and Tibbits and Milroy.100 From a review prepared by MacFarland65 it is apparent that more than 100 acute human intoxications with cadmium oxide fumes have taken place, and that at least 17 fatalities have occurred as a direct result of acute exposure. Initial symptoms include irritation and dryness of the nose and throat, cough, headache, dizziness, weakness, chills, fever, and chest pain. The initial symptoms are similar to metal fume fever, a benign condition which can be generated by exposure to, e.g., zinc fumes.93 Severe pulmonary edema and/or chemical pneumonitis develop later, not infrequently leading to fatalities several days after exposure. The clinical signs and findings from autopsies of deceased subjects agree very well with what has been reported from findings in animals (Section II.A).
Determination of the relative contribution of the non-dissolved fraction of ZnO NP on membrane permeability and cytotoxicity
Published in Inhalation Toxicology, 2020
Tahereh Ziglari, Donald S. Anderson, Andrij Holian
A number of studies have reported acute pulmonary inflammation following exposure to ZnO NP (Fukui et al. 2012; Liu et al. 2013; Lu et al. 2015). Metal fume fever is one of the most reported occupational diseases caused by the inhalation of ZnO (Donaldson et al. 2005; Chuang et al. 2014). While the crucial role of LMP in NP-induced inflammatory responses has been described (Bunderson-Schelvan et al. 2017; Jessop et al. 2017), the underlying mechanisms leading to LMP remain unclear. ZnO NP is known to undergo dissolution that increases under the acidic condition of phagolysosomes following their internalization. Therefore, some studies have related ZnO toxicity to mechanisms associated with the formation of Zn2+ (Fernández-Cruz et al. 2013; Bacchetta et al. 2016; Poynton et al. 2019; Wu et al. 2019).
Particle and organic vapor emissions from children’s 3-D pen and 3-D printer toys
Published in Inhalation Toxicology, 2019
Jinghai Yi, Matthew G. Duling, Lauren N. Bowers, Alycia K. Knepp, Ryan F. LeBouf, Timothy R. Nurkiewicz, Anand Ranpara, Todd Luxton, Stephen B. Martin, Dru A. Burns, Derek M. Peloquin, Eric J. Baumann, M. Abbas Virji, Aleksandr B. Stefaniak
Characterization of the bulk filament materials using ICP analysis quantified several metals of health significance, including Fe, Zn, V, and Cr as well as traces of Sb, Cd, Co, Mn, and Ni. Exposure to these metals is associated with a range of adverse health effects in adults, including cough, dyspnea, metal fume fever, and asthma (NIOSH 2018). In children, exposure to Cr, Cd, and Mn is associated with adverse neurological effects and exposure to V and Fe among children with asthma is associated with changes in exhaled nitric oxide (Godri Pollitt et al. 2016; Caparros-Gonzalez et al. 2019; Hessabi et al. 2019). EDX analysis of individual particles released during extrusion of ABS and PLA filaments using the toy 3-D pens and printer identified Fe and occasionally Ni. ICP analysis of particles aerosolized and collected onto MCE filters during extrusion of PLA filaments with the XYZ brand pens and printer identified many of the same elements. These data indicate that some, but not all bulk filament constituents, were aerosolized during extrusion with these toys.
Metal emissions from e-cigarettes: a risk assessment analysis of a recently-published study
Published in Inhalation Toxicology, 2018
Konstantinos E. Farsalinos, Brad Rodu
Zinc (Zn) is an essential nutrient and is used in the pharmaceutical industry as an ingredient in nutrient supplements (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 2005b). Inhalation of zinc dust or fumes, usually in smelting or welding occupational settings, can cause metal fume fever. This is a short-term disease that is generally reversible once exposure to zinc ceases. There is no established inhalational PDE or MRL for zinc, but a REL of 5000 μg/m3 has been defined (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2016b), leading to a calculated 33,500 μg/day total intake for 8 h exposure (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2016b). The liquid consumption needed to exceed this limit ranges from >40,000 g/day (75th percentile) to >65,000 g/day (median).