China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Increased Number of Infections with Plasmodium Spp During a Period of Sociopolitical Instability
Published in Meera Chand, John Holton, Case Studies in Infection Control, 2018
Geraldine A O’Hara, Peter L Chiodini
Historically, spraying the inside surfaces of houses with a residual insecticide was the main method of malaria control in endemic areas—this is referred to as indoor residual spraying (IRS). This approach relies on Anopheles spp. remaining on the wall or ceiling for a sufficient amount of time to acquire a lethal dose of insecticide. In 2006, the WHO recommended that where appropriate, IRS should be a central part of national malaria control strategies after meta analysis showed that a combination of LLINs and IRS had an additive reduction in risk compared to either strategy alone.
Rationale and technique of malaria control
Published in David A Warrell, Herbert M Gilles, Essential Malariology, 2017
David A Warrell, Herbert M Gilles
Both types of resistance may interfere with the results of malaria control measures, especially when the main method comprises residual insecticide spraying. Although ‘physiological resistance’ is by far the most important of the two and more easily measurable, ‘insecticide avoidance’ can become an obstacle to malaria control. The efficacy of indoor residual spraying depends, among other things, on the feeding and resting habits of the vector. Obviously, any changes in the house-entry pattern, a shift to outdoor biting to avoid insecticide-treated surfaces, and exophilic and exophagic tendencies will affect the result of the control programme. This has been observed in some species of the A. gambiae complex in Africa, in A. nuneztovari in Venezuela, A. punctulatus in New Guinea, A. farauti in the Solomon Islands, A. dirus and A. minimus in Thailand, A. balabacensis in Bangladesh and A. philippinensis in India. It is not certain that this change of behaviour is due to a specific selection pressure of the insecticide.
Plasmodium spp.
Published in Peter M. Lydyard, Michael F. Cole, John Holton, William L. Irving, Nino Porakishvili, Pradhib Venkatesan, Katherine N. Ward, Case Studies in Infectious Disease, 2010
Peter M. Lydyard, Michael F. Cole, John Holton, William L. Irving, Nino Porakishvili, Pradhib Venkatesan, Katherine N. Ward
Indoor residual spraying (IRS) of long-acting insecticide and use of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) are now the main measures in many parts of the world for controlling the vector. DDT is still used as a long-acting insecticide in those areas where the mosquitoes have not become resistant to it. Unfortunately insecticide resistance is becoming more and more of a problem and the development of new insecticides with active compounds that target different proteins in the insects than DDT is a priority.
Visceral leishmaniasis elimination in India: progress and the road ahead
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2022
Om Prakash Singh, Shyam Sundar
The World Health Organization-supported visceral leishmaniasis (VL) elimination initiative in India does not aim at zero transmission of L. donovani, but at ‘reducing the VL incidence rates in the region below levels of public health concern’ [43]. These were empirically defined as an incidence rate below 1 per 10,000 population per year at sub-district or block PHCs level. Key components of the strategy are the prompt diagnosis and treatment of clinical VL and vector control by systematic indoor residual spraying (IRS) [26]. Vector control is an important tool in bringing down the transmission of the disease. Earlier, insecticides like DDT and deltamethrin were used for vector management, but these were not very effective. Alpha cypermethrin is now being used in control program. However, supply of spray equipments and availability of man power are still major issue and needs to be improved.
Progress and new horizons toward a VAR2CSA-based placental malaria vaccine
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2021
Justin Yai Alamou Doritchamou, Jennifer Suurbaar, Nicaise Tuikue Ndam
For preventing PM, WHO has recommended a combination of vector control and chemoprevention strategies [43]. The use of indoor residual spraying (IRS) and insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs) to reduce exposure to mosquitoes carrying malaria has been adopted as part of vector control strategies. Interestingly, the use of ITNs by pregnant women in Africa reduced the prevalence of LBW by 23%, miscarriages and stillbirths by 33%, and placental parasitemia by 23% [44]. However, an estimated 61% of pregnant women that slept under an ITN were at risk of malaria in 2018 [3], highlighting an important limitation of this strategy. IRS has been indicated to reduce malaria incidence during pregnancy, placental malaria and risk of preterm birth [45]. However, the combined use of ITNs and IRS is threatened by insecticide resistance of mosquitoes which may impair future efficacy [46]. Insufficient availability of ITNs for pregnant women living in resource-limited countries also represents a major challenge to ensure maximum coverage of pregnant women in need.
Malaria interventions and control programes in Sub-Saharan Africa: A narrative review
Published in Cogent Medicine, 2021
Akwaowo Bassey Orok, Olusola Ajibaye, O. Oluwagbemiga Aina, Godswill Iboma, Sunday Adagyo Oboshi, Bamidele Iwalokun
Some observers and analyst have viewed that the best approached to malaria control and elimination is the application of integrated vector management (IVM) strategy either at the larval or adult stages of the vector (4). In sub-Saharan Africa, two methods stands out in this strategy: uses of long lasting Insectidal nets (LLIN) and indoor residual spraying (IRS). Larval control is seen as a secondary control measure when rated with LLIN and IRS (Maheu-Giroux & Castro, 2013). Principal Lavicidal control agents are the larvivorous fishes, and the bacterial pathogens (Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis and Bacillus sphaericus) (Das & Amalraj, 1977; Kathleen, 2002). Other organisms showing promise include a number of fungal pathogens and some local plant (Adebayo et al., 2014). However, the use of larval source management has not been given a place in contemporary malaria control programs in sub-Saharan Africa (Maheu-Giroux & Castro, 2013) and presently, this can best be seen as an academic exercise. In most setting, pilot larviciding have been carried out with challenges such as lack of define policy, strategic framework and plan of action (National malaria strategic plan, 2014–2020).