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Environmental Exposures and Reproduction *
Published in Michele Kiely, Reproductive and Perinatal Epidemiology, 2019
Other toxicants may be found only under unusual conditions: Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) found in dry cereal came from PCB-contaminated cardboard used for the boxes. Cooking oils contaminated with PCBs and dibenzofurans resulted in mass poisoning and reproductive effects in Taiwan.51 Several episodes of contamination of food products have resulted from the inappropriate use of fungicide-treated seed grain. Two recognized instances of contamination of diary products have occurred, one in Hawaii and one in Arkansas. In both cases, dairy cattle were given feed contaminated with heptachlor. This resulted in the contamination of dairy products and human milk with heptachlor epoxide, a metabolite of heptachlor. Mercury poisoning has resulted from bread made using fungicide-treated seed grain, in New Mexico52 and Iraq.53 High infant mortality and malformation rates were observed among offspring of women consuming bread made from hexachlorobenzene-treated seed grain in Turkey.54
Pesticides and Chronic Diseases
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
Heptachlor, a chlorinated cyclodiene pesticide, was registered in 1952 as a commercial pesticide for foliage, soil, and structural applications. After 1960, it was used primarily in soil applications against agricultural pests and termites. As a result of positive findings in carcinogenicity assays, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) suspended all uses of products containing heptachlor in 1976, except for the treatment of seeds, control of ants on Hawaiian pineapple plants, and control of termites and the narcissus bulb fly. More recently, in August 1987, the EPA and the sole U.S. manufacturer of heptachlor entered into an agreement whereby all sales of chlordane and heptachlor would cease until safer methods of its application could be demonstrated.103 Chlordane compounds have long half-lives and do persist. The EHC-Dallas knows of at least 50 homes that were made uninhabitable due to chlordane extermination. We have seen at least 200 patients damaged by termite proofing their homes with chlordane and heptachlor. The following is an example of the deleterious effects of chlordane.
Effect of pesticide exposure on the cholinesterase activity of the occupationally exposed tea garden workers of northern part of West Bengal, India
Published in Biomarkers, 2019
Various pesticides either single or in mixture are used to combat mixed infestation of tea plantations throughout the year. As per reports from several studies, pesticides commonly used are endosulfan, alpha-endosulfan, beta-endosulfan, endosulfan sulfate, quinalphos, acephate, chlorpyrifos, monocrotophos, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, oxydemeton-methyl, lambda-cyhalothrin, etofenprox, alphamethrin, fenpropathrin, profenofos, thiamethoxam, imidacloprid, ethion, heptachlor and dicofol (Roy et al. 2008, Bishnu et al. 2009, Singh et al. 2015). Sprayers were exposed to pesticides mainly through inhalation, skin contact and through food and water and tea leaf pluckers were exposed to pesticides through skin contact and through food and water.
Monitoring and health risk assessment of organochlorine pesticides in Karun River and drinking water Ahvaz city, South West of Iran
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Sahand Jorfi, Ali Poormohammadi, Elham Maraghi, Halime Almasi
Table S5 presents the correlation between levels of OCPs investigated by spearman coefficient. Here, there was correlations between dieldrin and chlordane, dieldrin and lindane and dieldrin and heptachlor concentrations, indicating a positive correlation at the p = 0.05. Also, heptachlor showed positive correlation with lindane and chlordane at the p = 0.01. Such correlation was also observed for dieldrin, DDT, and endrin. The results implied that the concentrations of all OCPs in the chlorination unit of WTP No.2 were about 0.005 µg/L in October, and these pesticides were not detected in other months.
Effect of endosulfan and bisphenol A on the expression of SUMO and UBC9
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2020
Vidhya Yarahalli Jayaram, Somesh Baggavalli, Divijendra Reddy, Srinivas Sistla, Rajyalakshmi Malempati
Cyclodienes were under use as pesticides for several decades. Although currently discontinued (Moses and Peter 2010, Hardell and Eriksson 2003), these compounds are persistent and active in the environment for several decades due to their resistance to bio-degradation (Weber et al. 2010). High concentrations of endosulfan and endosulfan sulfate were detected in humans from countries that have banned the usage of these compounds recently (Channa et al. 2012). Heptachlor and chlordane are still being used for termite and pest control in some parts of the world (NRDC 2005).