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Fish and Shellfish
Published in Christopher Cumo, Ancestral Diets and Nutrition, 2020
Despite hazards, Chapter 2 identified sodium and chloride as electrolytes. As noted above and in Chapter 2, sodium is in bones. With hydrogen, chloride forms hydrochloric acid (HCl) to aid digestion. From early times, salt was essential to replace electrolytes lost from perspiration in warm climates. Nomads did not cross deserts without it. Like several other nutrients and as indicated, however, surfeit damages rather than benefits the body. The generalization that if small amounts are good, then more must be better is untrue.
Chemistries of Chemical Warfare Agents
Published in Brian J. Lukey, James A. Romano, Salem Harry, Chemical Warfare Agents, 2019
Terry J. Henderson, Ilona Petrikovics, Petr Kikilo, Andrew L. Ternay Jr., Harry Salem
Phosgene is the acid dichloride of carbonic acid, HO–C(O)–OH, and like all acid chlorides, it reacts rapidly with water to produce the corresponding acid and hydrogen chloride. Because carbonic acid is unstable, the ultimate products of reaction with water are hydrogen chloride and carbon dioxide. The hydrogen chloride produced dissolves in excess water to form hydrochloric acid.
Chemical Reactions of Glycerine
Published in Eric Jungermann, Norman O.V. Sonntag, Glycerine, 2018
Reaction between hydrogen chloride gas and glycerine results in the formation of both alpha and beta dichlorhydrin. Excess hydrogen chloride gas, 2% acetic acid, and a temperature of 100–110°C are recommended by Gilman and Blatt [23]. Pure 1,3-dichlorhydrin is obtained by reacting epichlorhydrin with hydrochloric acid:
Post-treatment with a heat shock protein 90 inhibitor prevents chronic lung injury and pulmonary fibrosis, following acute exposure of mice to HCl
Published in Experimental Lung Research, 2020
Margarita Marinova, Pavel Solopov, Christiana Dimitropoulou, Ruben M. L. Colunga Biancatelli, John D. Catravas
Acute exposure to hydrogen chloride causes various pathologies, including respiratory distress syndromes.1,2 Hydrogen chloride vapors (fumes) are heavier than air and have been identified as a main source of irritation, airway inflammation and asphyxiation in poorly ventilated or low-lying areas. It is highly water-soluble and, in contact with water, forms hydrochloric acid, HCl. Upon inhalation, it is quickly deposited as HCl on the mucus membranes of the nose, pharynx and lower respiratory tract. Single exposures to high doses can result in symptoms of acute airway obstruction such as cough, chest tightness and pulmonary edema.3,4 Clinical signs, including airway hyper-responsiveness, bronchospasm as well as pneumonitis had been documented.5,6 More severely affected individuals were reported to develop persistent lung injuries including reactive airways dysfunction syndrome (RADS), an asthma-like condition that may persist for months to even years.3,4,7–9
Synthesis and in‐vivo taste assessment of meloxicam pivalate
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2019
Bandoo C. Chatale, Mariam S. Degani
Thus MXP was synthesized, using conventional synthetic methods. Phenolic hydroxyl group of MX was esterified using pivaloyl chloride. It was found that when reaction was carried out in anhydrous organic solvent (THF) in the presence of triethylamine as base, optimum yield of MXP ester was obtained (Scheme 1). Triethylamine was used as base to catalyze pivalylation reaction with pivaloyl chloride. Such reaction leads to production of hydrogen chloride which combines with triethylamine to form the salt triethylamine hydrochloride and thus reaction removes the hydrogen chloride from the reaction mixture, which are required for this reaction to proceed to completion. Substrates bearing bulky pivalate moiety have given better result. The synthesized MXP was purified and its structure was characterized.
Acute exposure of mice to hydrochloric acid leads to the development of chronic lung injury and pulmonary fibrosis
Published in Inhalation Toxicology, 2019
Margarita Marinova, Pavel Solopov, Christiana Dimitropoulou, Ruben M. L. Colunga Biancatelli, John D. Catravas
Hydrochloric acid (HCl), also known as muriatic acid, is one of the world’s most abundant industrial chemicals with numerous applications in oil and gas production, as a cleaning agent, as well as in the metal industry and mining (Dow-Chemical 1988; Austin and Glowacki 1989; Occidental-Chemical 1990). As the world demand for HCl is increasing every year, the potential for accidental exposures is getting greater (Energy.Environment.Economy 2012; OOSKANews 2012; NLTimes 2015). Unlike long-term workplace exposures, accidental spills and leaks are characterized by short-term, high-level exposures and can result in symptoms of acute airway obstruction. Types of acute exposure most commonly reported are inhalation of hydrogen chloride and/or HCl fumes (Kuligowski 2018). Because hydrogen chloride is highly soluble in water, it can easily form HCl upon contact with eyes, nose, and regions of the upper respiratory tract. Deeper penetration into the pulmonary tract can occur at higher doses. HCl is highly irritating to the entire respiratory tract, causing bronchitis, pulmonary edema, pneumonitis, and at higher doses even death (Bingham et al. 2001).