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Fungi and Water
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
Spring water is natural mineral water obtained from a spring. A spring is groundwater obtained from rain and melted snow that seeps into the ground and forms a water table. By gravity, pressure, or other forces, the groundwater flows along paths of least resistance, often emerging as springs wherever the water table intersects the land surface, such as the side of a hill, a valley bottom, or other excavation (183). A spring may emanate from water saturated soil or porous rock, from a fracture, fissure, or cave, or along a contact zone between two rock types of different permeability (183). In brief, a spring is a place at which water flows from groundwater or an aquifer to the land surface. Spring water is bottled at source and satisfies most of the exploitation conditions, microbiological criteria, and some of the labelling requirements that apply to natural mineral water (180). Spring water must also comply for all physical, chemical, and microbiological parameters. However, spring water does not have to contain the same 250 ppm mineral quantity as natural mineral water. For this reason, some spring waters contain very little minerals, while others may contain a lot. Indeed, mineral quantity in spring water is source dependent (180). Artesian water is spring water, but this groundwater is under enough pressure to rise naturally above the land surface through an underground well. The word artesian comes from the Artois town in France. Artesian water must meet all requirements that apply to spring water.
Modeling Exposure
Published in Samuel C. Morris, Cancer Risk Assessment, 2020
It is sometimes necessary to reconstruct the exposure history when groundwater contamination is discovered in wells. Freni and Phillips (1987) describe an empirical approach to this problem, estimating the time exposure started and the change in concentration of volatile organic chemicals in the groundwater over time for several wells affected by a plume from a leaking underground tank.
Risk Characterization
Published in Ted W. Simon, Environmental Risk Assessment, 2019
A construction/excavation worker would be exposed to a mixture of surface and subsurface soil. Groundwater was evaluated as if it could be a source of water for domestic use. The site and background datasets are provided in Tables 6.7–6.13.
Multi-parametric groundwater quality and human health risk assessment vis-à-vis hydrogeochemical process in an Agri-intensive region of Indus basin, Punjab, India
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Vijay Jaswal, Ravishankar Kumar, Prafulla Kumar Sahoo, Sunil Mittal, Ajay Kumar, Sunil Kumar Sahoo, Yogalakshmi Kadapakkam Nandabalan
The study area comprises of a flat alluvial plain that belongs to the Indo-Gangetic alluvium formed during the quaternary period of geological time scale. The whole district is divided into three terrains Satluj floodplain, sand-dune-infested tract and upland plain (MSME 2020 ). Sandy clay with saltpeter encrustations and clay with sporadic sandy nodules are recognized as the major geological formations. Saltpetre contains a significant amount of potassium and sodium nitrate, unlike chloride, sulfate, and carbonate present in minor fractions. The northern part of the study area possesses sierozem soil, while the southern part consists of sandy soils. Fazilka district is drained by two major rivers, Sutlej in the west and Beas in the north. Phidda drain, Taroori drain, Chand Bhan drain and Sem Nala are the other natural drainages that carry rainwater. Groundwater occurs in both unconfined and confined conditions. The detailed geological map of the study area is provided in Supplementary data (Supplementary Figure S1).
Spatial distribution, multivariate statistical analysis, and health risk assessment of some parameters controlling drinking water quality at selected primary schools located in the southwestern coastal region of Bangladesh
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Tapos Kormoker, Abubakr M. Idris, Mohammed Mahmud Khan, Tanmoy Roy Tusher, Ram Proshad, Md. Saiful Islam, Sujan Khadka, Shaira Rahman, Md. Humayun Kabir, Satyajit Kundu
In order to evaluate the inter-relationships among the examined water quality parameters and to identify the possible sources, the Pearson’s correlation analysis was applied. The Pearson’s correlation matrix is presented in Table 2. A pattern of significant positive correlation for the combinations of As-EC (r = 0.280) and Cl−-EC (r = 0.250) could be observed. It is assumed that parameters with a relatively significant positive correlation may be originated from the common sources (Mansouri et al. 2012). These correlations may be attributed to a possibility of interference between seawater and groundwater in the study area. Notably, no significant correlations were observed between the parameters of pH, EC and Fe. Since large-scale industries do not exist in the study area, agricultural fertilizers and stagnant water might contribute as the major sources of this groundwater chemical alteration.
Drought-related cholera outbreaks in Africa and the implications for climate change: a narrative review
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2022
Gina E. C. Charnley, Ilan Kelman, Kris A. Murray
Declines in precipitation have been seen over parts of Africa, while increases are seen in others, a differentiation suggested as increasing with climate change. The Indian Ocean Dipole may play a role in these changes [53,54], reducing water availability and fundamentally leading to drought in some areas. Despite this, water availability is a complex phenomenon that must account for alterations in not just the source (precipitation, groundwater, soil moisture, evapotranspiration) but also agriculture, infrastructure, and human behavior. For example, in modeling studies a net increase in freshwater resources was seen for most African countries, whereas northern regions saw more extreme dryness and serious agricultural system issues over the Sahel, Horn of Africa, and southern Africa [55]. Eighty four percentage of the population in Africa do not have access to piped water into their yard or dwelling and water fetching is mainly carried out by women and children. This domestic burden decreases the time available for education and employment, potentially stunting development if water resources become scarcer. Poor water availability is also linked to poor hygiene behaviors such as reduced hand washing, potentially increasing cholera outbreaks in these areas [43].