China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Pesticides and Chronic Diseases
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
Endrin: Endrin (Figure 7.5) is the stereoisomer of dieldrin and is one of the most toxic chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides. Since 1950, it has had widespread use in agriculture against soil and foliage pests. It has been banned in some countries due to its environmental persistence. Endrin is not found in the plasma, fat, or urine of members of the general population.96 Its metabolism is unsure, but it is thought to be through oxidation to 9-hydroxyendrin and then to ketoendrin and out the feces. A glueferonide conjugate has also been found in the urine.
Monitoring and health risk assessment of organochlorine pesticides in Karun River and drinking water Ahvaz city, South West of Iran
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Sahand Jorfi, Ali Poormohammadi, Elham Maraghi, Halime Almasi
Due to more rainfall and increased river water during winter, the toxins in the water are diluted and results in a decrease in their concentrations (Taheri et al.2015). Previous studies have clearly shown that several chlorine pesticides have not yet been controlled in some areas because many of these pesticides that are prohibited such as dieldrin and endrin, are still used as a soil insecticide to control rootworms, beetles, and termites (Behfar et al.2013). Dieldrin is used in agriculture to control soil insects and some egg-borne insect vectors. In general, application of this pesticide is limited to termite and insect control of wood and leather pests. Dieldrin has very strong bonds with soil particles and is therefore highly permeable to groundwater (Shinggu et al.2015). In this study, the concentrations of endrin and dieldrin were higher than those reported by other studies (Shinggu et al.2015, Majd et al.2017). Chlordane is commonly used in agricultural food crops like vegetables, cereals, maize, oilseeds, potatoes, sugarcane, sugar beet, citrus fruits, walnuts, and cotton (Rathore and Nollet 2016). Based on the results, the concentrations of the studied OCPs were higher than the recommended standard values, except for chlordane that its concentration in December was lower than the standard value.
Effect of pesticide ban on suicide trend – a 20-year study from a tertiary care center in Central Kerala from 2001 to 2020
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2022
M. Indira, Manu Johns Chowallur, Aryamol M. K., Chien-Yu Lin, Shu-Sen Chang, Mannil Sooraj, Jithin Thomas
Systematic review on suicide prevention by regulation of HHP done by Gunnel et al. showed that there was reduction of pesticide suicide after national pesticide ban in five and reduction of overall suicide in three of the six countries studied. Of these four studies used optimum analytical method. One study on restriction of sale, purchase, and storage of endrin in India was included in the systematic review, but evidence for suicide prevention by restriction was not consistent in the review. They have observed that no good quality evidence was available from India and China which contribute to most of pesticide suicides globally [25]. So our study is relevant in that aspect.
Interactive effect of carbendazim and imidacloprid on buffalo bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells: oxidative stress, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2023
Harpreet Singh, Milindmitra Kashinath Lonare, Manjinder Sharma, Rahul Udehiya, Saloni Singla, Simrat Pal Saini, Vinod Kumar Dumka
The morphological changes such as vacuolization of cytoplasm, cell shrinkage, diverse degrees of chromatin condensation, and cell membrane destruction along with dissolution in higher doses treatment groups were observed. A decrease in cell viability percentage and an increase in LDH values with a varying degree was noticed in bMSCs exposed to CBZ and IMI alone as well as in combination treatments. Change in viability and LDH release was significant in pesticide treatments as compared to the control group. This may be due to an alteration in the gene expression and cell apoptosis in the pesticide-exposed cells, which was responsible for cell damage and death. A very low dose of CBZ and IMI alone or in combination had very little or no toxic effect on cellular biochemicals studied and the cells remained unaffected in their presence. LDH activity has been suggested as an indicator of cytotoxicity which has a direct correlation with cell damage and viability. Pesticide exposure results in cellular damage, which leads to LDH leakage into the medium thus causing a decrease in cell viability (Jose et al. 2011). Similarly, reduction in cell viability in a dose-dependent pattern with CBZ-exposed human trophoblast cells (Adedara et al. 2013) and IMI-exposed human peripheral blood lymphocytes (Segura et al. 2012) has been reported. An increase in LDH level in the media, due to cellular damage, has also been reported after exposure to either a single pesticide or combinations of endrin, chlordane, alachlor, chlorpyrifos or fenthion (Chakroun et al. 2017) and imazalil, cypermethrin, and CBZ (Dikic et al. 2011). Further, a synergistic effect on decline in the cell viability was observed when human keratinocyte cells were exposed to the mixture of pesticides alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane, parathion methyl, and carbofuran (Abhishek 2014).