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Biologically Active Substances From Bryophytes
Published in R. N. Chopra, Satish C. Bhatla, Bryophyte Development: Physiology and Biochemistry, 2019
Table 15 shows the piscicidal activity of terpenoids isolated from some liverworts against the killifish (Oryzia latipes).16 The strongest piscicidal compounds are the pungent polygodial (21) and sacculatal (22).13-18, 96 The fish is killed within 2 h by a 0.4 ppm solution and within 20 min by a 7 ppm solution of 21 and 22. The killifish is also killed within 2 h by a 0.4 ppm solution of non-natural (+ )-polygodial (124) possessing a potent hot taste.18 Thus, it is confirmed that piscicidal activity against the killifish is not affected by chiral specificity of 21 and 124. Polygodial (21) is very toxic against bitterling fish, which are killed within 3 min by a 0.4 ppm solution.18 Some mosquito larvae are killed within 4 h by a 40 ppm solution of 21.16 On the other hand, isosacculatal (25) and isopolygodial (125) (which has been obtained from Polygonum hydropiper) lack fish-killing activity even in a 10,000 ppm solution.13-18 From the above results it is obvious that the occurrence of piscicidal activity of polygodial and sacculatal is significantly related to hot taste, that is, the absolute configuration of a formyl group at C-9. Costunolide (136) isolated from Marchantia polymorpha also possesses weak piscicidal activity (TLm = 2 ppm) against the killifish.97
Catalog of Herbs
Published in James A. Duke, Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, 2018
According to Ochse, “the young leaves may be safely eaten, steamed or stewed.”183 They are favored for cooking with goat meat, said to counteract the peculiar smell. Though purgative, the nuts are sometimes roasted and dangerously eaten. In India, pounded leaves are applied near horses’ eyes to repel flies. The oil has been used for illumination, soap, candles, adulteration of olive oil, and making Turkey red oil. Nuts can be strung on grass and burned like candlenuts.3 Gaydou et al. discuss the possibilities of the species as an energy source.184 Mexicans grow the shrub as a host for the lac insect. Ashes of the burned root are used as a salt substitute.42 It has been used for homicide, molluscicide, piscicide, and raticide.32 The latex was strongly inhibitory to watermelon mosaic virus.185 Bark used as a fish poison.3 In South Sudan, the seed as well as the fruit is used as a contraceptive.33 Sap stains linen and can be used for marking.6
Ethnobotany of the Neem Tree (Azadirachta Indica a. Juss): A Review
Published in T. Pullaiah, K. V. Krishnamurthy, Bir Bahadur, Ethnobotany of India, 2017
K. Sri Rama Murthy, T. Pullaiah, Bir Bahadur, K. V. Krishnamurthy
In Africa and Caribbean, users of this plant, especially children, eat ripe fruits of Neem. In India, since ancient times the tender leaves of Neem are consumed as food and for tea preparations. Domestic animals are also fed with Neem leaves (Hedge, 1993). Despite A. indica being known for its pesticidal properties there are no records of Neem toxicity to humans, probable by avoiding higher doses. In fact, it was observed that, toxic effects of Neem oil in mammals occur only at higher doses (Deng et al., 2013). This toxicity is not lower compared to the natural compound rotenone (largely used as a broad spectrum insecticide, piscicide and pesticide) (Coats, 1994). Woollen and other cloths are stored with dried neem leaves, due to insecticidal properties as also various cereals and other grains for long term storage.
Metformin protects red blood cells against rotenone induced oxidative stress and cytotoxicity
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2021
Shambhoo Sharan Tripathi, Abhishek Kumar Singh, Farhan Akhtar, Ankita Chaudhary, Syed Ibrahim Rizvi
The present investigation was undertaken to evaluate the anti-oxidative potential of metformin to limit rotenone-induced toxicity in blood. Rotenone is a widely used plant-derived broad-spectrum pesticide (piscicide, acaricide, and insecticide). Being extremely hydrophobic, rotenone can easily cross biological membranes, apparently without a transport system (Esteve-Rudd et al.2011). According to WHO classification, rotenone is a dangerous Class II pesticide. Rotenone induces toxicity through ROS over-production and oxidative stress (Sherer et al.2003), which further leads to a neurodegenerative disorder like Parkinson’s disease (PD) (Tanner et al.2011). It has also been observed that rotenone induces eryptosis, a common cell death mechanism of erythrocytes. In addition, it induces cell membrane scrambling that results in erythrocytes shrinkage (Lupescu et al.2012). As a consequence, rotenone toxicity may lead to premature removal of circulating erythrocytes (Jelkmann 2012). The disproportionate eryptosis may also lead to anaemia (Lang et al.2008), significantly a higher incidence of anaemia has been reported in patients with PD (Kasten et al.2010). The anaemia could also be an early symptom for other neurological disorders (Kasten et al.2010, Savica et al.2010).
Monitoring of pesticides residues in soil samples from the southern districts of Jordan in 2016/2017
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Mohammed H. Kailani, Tawfiq M. Al-Antary, Mahmoud A. Alawi
Pesticides are toxic chemicals used to control pests like insects, mites, fungi, nematodes, weeds, rodents, and other pests (US Environmental 2007). The term pesticide includes all of the following: herbicide, insecticides, nematicide, molluscicide, piscicide, avicide, rodenticide, bactericide, insect repellent, animal repellent, antimicrobial, fungicide, disinfectant (antimicrobial), and sanitizer (Randall et al.2013). Large amounts of pesticides reach the soil, either as direct applications, as fall-out from aerial spraying, in rain or dust or from plant or animal remains which become incorporated with the soil. Thus, the soil is an environmental reservoir for these residues from which they move into the atmosphere, water or living organisms (Edwards 1973).