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Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Practical and Theoretical Considerations
Published in Brian J. Lukey, James A. Romano, Salem Harry, Chemical Warfare Agents, 2019
The surface area/volume ratio of the newborn is approximately three times greater than that of an adult, and the same ratio for a toddler is approximately twice that of an adult (WHO Training, 2008, slide 12). The surface area to body mass ratio is highest in the newborn period and decreases linearly through toddlerhood, childhood, and adulthood. What is really important here is to understand that the younger the patient, the greater will be the surface area/volume ratio, and the inherent problems associated with these larger ratios will also be greater. These factors couple to increase the absorptive area of the skin while decreasing the volume of distribution of a drug or toxin (Lio, n.d.). Furthermore, infant skin is more fragile than that of the adult and hence, more susceptible to penetration (i.e., cutting, both obvious cuts and unobservable microscopic cuts). Once a drug or toxic compound is absorbed, infants especially lack the drug carriage and detoxification mechanisms that are possessed by adults. Caution in applying bug repellents, such as diethyltoluamide (DEET), is strongly supported by experimental data, and these repellants should be reduced in volume (Nasr, 2010) and if possible, concentration. An obvious implication for CWAs would therefore exist. In children, there is an estimated 20% incidence of atopic dermatitis (Lio, n.d.), as compared with a single-digit incidence in adults. This further comprises the barrier function of young skin.
Flies (Biting)
Published in Gail Miriam Moraru, Jerome Goddard, The Goddard Guide to Arthropods of Medical Importance, Seventh Edition, 2019
Gail Miriam Moraru, Jerome Goddard
Alexander26 suggested that simple antipruritics (oily calamine lotion or hydrocortisone with added anti-infective agents) are all that is needed for biting midge bites. Probably the best course of action for those affected by biting midges is a combination of avoidance and personal protection measures. Use of finer-mesh screen wire may prevent entry of these flies into dwellings. Repellents containing diethyltoluamide (DEET) or picaridin and long-sleeved shirts and long pants may provide some relief to those persons outside in infested areas. However, one study showed that traps surrounded by DEET-treated mesh caught 3–4 times more Culicoides midges than other treatments (so there wasn’t any repellency).27 Avon’s Skin-So-Soft® bath oil is sometimes used as a repellent, and controlled studies indicate that the product provides some protection from Culicoides midges28; however, product effectiveness is not because it repels midges but because the oiliness traps the midges on the skin surface.
Coxiella
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
As part of a prevention program against C. burnetii infection in human population, education for patients and the general public should focus on (1) avoiding ingestion of unpasteurized milk and dairy products (e.g., goat cheese); (2) avoiding exposure to parturient and farm animals; (3) properly disposing placentae, fetal membranes, and aborted material; (4) minimizing occupational exposure; and (5) avoiding tick bites (with the use of permethrin, diethyltoluamide, and other repellents).
In vitro skin irritation assessment using EpiDerm™: applicability for updating toxicity information of oxybenzone and N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2020
Ji-Seok Han, Yong-Bum Kim, Heejin Park, Wan-Jung Im, Woo-Jin Kim, Younhee Kim, Joo-Yun Won, Hwa-Young Son, Byoung-Seok Lee
N,N-Diethyl-m-toluamide (diethyltoluamide, DEET) is broad-spectrum insect repellent against biting flies, biting midges, fleas, and mosquitoes, and commercially available at concentrations of 4–100% in formulations including lotions, gels, and aerosols. According to the Center for Disease and Prevention (CDC), 30–50% DEET is effective against the pathogens carried by insects; although, this depends on the times and mode of administration (CDC 2009). Regarding human exposure of DEET, there have been many reports that it can induce a variety of health effects including neurological, respiratory, gastrointestinal, and cardiovascular system. Furthermore, exposure to DEET can cause skin irritation, desquamation, and dermatitis in humans (Keith et al.2017). The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) has reported that 10–30% DEET is safe in children and adults when used as directed and Health Canada banned the sale of insect repellents containing over 30% DEET in a 2002 evaluation (CDC 2007, Health Canada 2009).