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Gloves
Published in Robert N. Phalen, Howard I. Maibach, Protective Gloves for Occupational Use, 2023
Marie-Noëlle Crépy, Pierre Hoerner
For gloves that are not polymer-coated, in-line chlorination is generally performed after vulcanization of the glove. The product is immersed in a dilute aqueous chlorine solution for a short time (a few seconds). The chlorine rapidly reacts with the rubber surface of the product, which results in a lower coefficient of friction. The chlorination also results in a reduced level of extractable latex proteins, both due to the extra leaching achieved by the water and also due to the formation of insoluble forms of some proteins.22 After chlorination, it is necessary to wash the products to remove excess chlorine, and this is done by using dilute aqueous ammonia solution and then rinsing in water.
Battlefield Chemical Inhalation Injury
Published in Jacob Loke, Pathophysiology and Treatment of Inhalation Injuries, 2020
The formula for chlorine (Cl) is Cl2; density 2.5; specific gravity 1.41; boiling point -34.1°C. Chlorine appears as a greenish yellow gas with an acrid, pungent, characteristic odor. Since the odor threshold is substantially below the toxic limit, this substance is considered to have good warning properties. With chronic and repeated exposure, however, some threshold adaptation occurs (Beck, 1959). A progressive olfactory inhibition has been described. This progressive loss of sensitivity is thought to be the reason that chlorine workers suffer more frequent and more severe exposures in the later months and years of their work history, ostensibly because of the “warning” threshold of their olfactory sensitivity (Laciak and Sipa, 1958).
Environmental health
Published in Jan de Boer, Marcel Dubouloz, Handbook of Disaster Medicine, 2020
Chemical treatment has two uses. One use is to facilitate sedimentation during storage. Such treatment consists in adding aluminium salts, which accelerate the sedimentation of organic particles within the water by facilitating drainage. This does not kill the germs, but it reduces the quantity of organic matter in the water so that smaller quantities of chlorine can be used at the second, bactericidal stage of treatment. The other use of chemical treatment is to kill germs. This involves disinfecting the water. Although a number of different chemical products may be used for this purpose, they all generally referred to as ‘chlorine’. Two points are important: only free chlorine has a disinfectant action. Chlorine links with organic particles and is neutralised by the combination. Chlorine must be therefore added until all the organic particles in the water have been oxidised; only then is free chlorine released in the water, allowing disinfection to begin. The effective dose of free chlorine is 0.5mg/l, acting over a period of half an hour. There are numerous ways of measuring free chlorine in the water (colorimetric methods being the easiest and least expensive to use).
Research progress of natural products and their derivatives against Alzheimer’s disease
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2023
Jin-Ying Liu, Hong-Yan Guo, Zhe-Shan Quan, Qing-Kun Shen, Hong Cui, Xiaoting Li
Fonseca et al. modified the structure of coumarin and chromone, and evaluated their MAO-A and MAO-B inhibitory activities. The results showed that there was no significant difference between the two natural product derivatives in their activities. They had inhibitory effect on MAO-B and no significant activity on MAO-A. The MAO-B inhibitory activity of coumarin derivative 9 (IC50=5.07 nM), chromone derivative 10 (IC50=4.2 nM) and compound 11 (IC50=3.94 nM) is strong. The introduction of aniline has a good effect. The introduction of chlorine substituents at the same time can enhance the MAO-B inhibitory activity. The results of pharmacokinetics showed that compounds 9 and 10 had good binding power and selectivity through non-competitive inhibition23 (Figure 2, Table 1).
Development of chlorine-induced lung injury in the anesthetized, spontaneously breathing pig
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2021
Rachel Watkins, Rosi Perrott, Simon Bate, Philippa Auton, Sarah Watts, Alexander Stoll, Stephen Rutter, Bronwen Jugg
Chlorine (Cl2) is an important, commonly used toxic industrial chemical produced and transported in large quantities, globally. One of its main uses is in water purification; as such its availability cannot be restricted. The easy availability and inherent toxicity make it attractive to aggressors (both state and non-state or terrorist groups) willing to disrupt infrastructure or cause mass panic and casualties. The Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) have confirmed the use of chlorine against civilians in a number of villages in Syria and Iraq (OPCW 2014) as well as its use by Iraqi insurgents conducting chemical attacks against Iraqi security forces and civilians (Morris 2014). Chlorine was also used against coalition troops using vehicle borne improvised explosive devices (Weitz et al. 2007; Jones et al. 2010). Whether produced for military or industrial use, chlorine gas represents a credible threat.
Multi-targeted drug design strategies for the treatment of schizophrenia
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2021
Piotr Stępnicki, Magda Kondej, Oliwia Koszła, Justyna Żuk, Agnieszka A. Kaczor
Chen et al. reported new amide analogues of benzisoxazole as multi-functional antipsychotics. The effect of substitution with chlorine, nitro and amino groups at the 6-position of benzo[d]isothiazole on receptor affinity was also examined. Nitro and amino groups decreased the affinity for D3, D2, 5-HT2A, and 5-HT1A receptors. However, chlorine substitution increased dopamine D3 receptor affinity, and reduced affinity for the serotonin 5-HT1A receptor. Among a number of synthesized compounds, the best compound (17) (Figure 3) showed high affinity for dopamine D2, D3 (Ki = 2.9; 0.13) and serotonin 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A (Ki = 1.3; 0.23) receptors and low affinity for H1 receptors and hERG channels. Moreover, behavioral studies showed that this compound may be used to treat schizophrenia without inducing catalepsy [107].