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Gas Chromatographic Analysis
Published in Adorjan Aszalos, Modern Analysis of Antibiotics, 2020
Margosis [6] developed a method for pharmaceuticals that involved silylation with BSA in acetonitrile, m-phenylene dibenzoate as internal standard, and columns of low-polarity methyl silicone gum or fluid coatings (OV-1, OV-101, SE-30, and others) on 80/100 or 100/120 silanized, acid-washed, flux-calcined diatomite (Gas Chrom Q). Detection was by FID maintained at 250°C. The injection port was also at 250°C and the column at 240°C. A rather large-scale interlaboratory collaborative study was undertaken with bulk samples. The overall coefficient of variation for three samples and 14 participants was 2.97. Mean recovery was 100.01%. This is probably as good an agreement as one can reasonably expect under these circumstances.
Pharmacodynamics of Anticoagulants
Published in Hartmut Derendorf, Günther Hochhaus, Handbook of Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Correlation, 2019
Dennis Mungall, Richard H. White
Hattersley232 developed the whole blood activated coagulation time (ACT). This is performed at 37°C by placing whole blood in a glass tube containing inorganic diatomite, obviating the need for a thromboplastin reagent. The tube is tilted and the clot is noted visually. The time to perform the test and the clot is noted visually. The time to perform the test varies from 1 to 10 min. There is a linear relationship between heparin concentration and the ACT up to 5 units/ml, which is a very high heparin concentration. The ability of this test to perform at high heparin concentration has been utilized extensively in cardiopulmonary surgery and hemodialysis. The ACT has been evaluated as a test to monitor patients receiving heparin for thromboembolic diseases.232 A bedside battery-powered unit has been developed to perform this test.231 The advantages of the ACT include the linear relationship between heparin concentration and the ACT, the absence of a thromboplastin reagent, and the ability to perform the test at the bedside. The major disadvantage of the ACT is that it is labor intensive, requiring a skilled technician to come to the bedside to do the test, which takes about 10 min. Also, the test is not widely accepted, and, compared to the APTT, there are far fewer studies that have evaluated its clinical utility.
Influence of various operational parameters on the photocatalytic degradation of ciprofloxacin in aqueous media: a short review
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2023
Saifullahi Shehu Imam, Rohana Adnan, Noor Haida Mohd Kaus, Najm Us Saqib
The immobilization approach involves using carriers including zeolite (Jansson et al.2015), diatomite (B. Wang et al.2015), and bentonite (Patil et al.2016) to prevent agglomeration, thereby guaranteeing more active sites. The success of such an approach could be supported by the work of Jia et al. (2020) who used diatomite (D) to immobilize BiOCl. During the optimization, the amount of diatomite was varied between 0 and 70%. Compared to pure BiOCl, the adsorption ability of the BiOCl/diatomite composites decreased gradually with an increase in diatomite content. However, photo-degradability displayed an up-down trend. As the percentage of diatomite increased from 0 to 20%, the degradation rate of CIP also showed an increasing trend. Subsequently, a further increase in the percentage of diatomite from 20 to 70% caused the degradation rate to slowly decrease. Beyond diatomite content of 70%, the degradation rate rapidly reduced. The best performance was recorded using BiOCl/60%D, with a removal efficiency of 94% within 10 min under simulated solar light due to the synergistic effect of diatomite and BiOCl. Similar results were reported by Hassani et al. (2015) in which TiO2 loaded onto montmorillonite (TiO2/MMT). Following the increase in the surface area which resulted in an increased in the adsorption capability, the photocatalytic degradation efficiency was higher in the presence of TiO2/MMT compared to bare TiO2.