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Gas Chromatographic Analysis
Published in Adorjan Aszalos, Modern Analysis of Antibiotics, 2020
Dosage forms of chloramphenicol were extracted with ethyl acetate, which was then washed with water and filtered if necessary. Aliquots in conical centrifuge tubes were evaporated to dryness under N2 and then dissolved in derivatizing reagent. Ointments were cleaned with gravity-flow columns of diatomaceous earth (Celite) treated with pH 5.80 phosphate buffer. Excipient material was extracted with cyclohexane and the chloramphenicol with ethyl acetate.
Ecology
Published in Paul Pumpens, Single-Stranded RNA Phages, 2020
Diatomaceous earth, when modified by in situ precipitation of metallic hydroxides, was efficient for the adsorption of the phage MS2 as well as of other tested viral indicators (Farrah and Preston 1991; Farrah et al. 1991). Later, diatomaceous earth was used in the ceramic depth filters that were, however, not able to remove the phage MS2 (Michen et al. 2012). Introduction of a novel virus adsorbent material, magnesium oxyhydroxide, into the diatomaceous earth filter matrix improved removal of the phage MS2 (Michen et al. 2013).
Laboratory coagulation assays
Published in John Edward Boland, David W. M. Muller, Interventional Cardiology and Cardiac Catheterisation, 2019
Diatomaceous earth (Celite®) is a naturally occurring, soft, siliceous sedimentary rock. Kaolin is a hydrous aluminium silicate that is abundant in clay. Celite and kaolin are the two most common clot activating reagents used in the manufacture of ACT tests. In the presence of aprotinin (a drug used in some geographic regions to inhibit fibrinolysis during cardiopulmonary bypass procedures), ACT tests that use Celite as its primary activator have been observed to report erroneously higher than expected results. Aprotinin does not appear to have the same interfering effect on ACT tests that use kaolin as a reagent. Selection of an appropriate ACT test should consider the primary activator if aprotinin is likely to be used during patient management.
Integrating inert dusts with other technologies in stored products protection
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Masumeh Ziaee, Asgar Ebadollahi, Waqas Wakil
Diatomaceous earth (DE) is the most widely used inert dust for stored products protection. This subsequently resulted in the production of a large number of efficacy enhanced modified DE products, the IDIs (Shah and Khan 2014). Diatomaceous earth is made up of diatoms shells that have been fossilized for centuries (Ebeling 1971). Zeolites are alkaline crystalline aluminum silicates contains SiO4 and AlO4, and due to the natural silica content categorized with DE in the group of insert dusts that contain natural silica (Haryadi et al. 1994, Subramanyam and Roesli 2000).
Preparation of nanosilica from sugarcane bagasse ash for enhanced insecticidal activity of diatomaceous earth against two stored-products insect pests
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Basneh Saed, Masumeh Ziaee, Ali Reza Kiasat, Mina Jafari nasab
Stored products are greatly damaged by storage insect pests and result in quality as well as quantity losses of grains during storage (Kumar and Kalita 2017). Diatomaceous earth (DE) is a promising alternative to synthetic insecticides and have been used for controlling insects as grain protectant or structural treatment of grain storage facilities, and grain-handling machinery (Korunic 2013, Shah and Khan 2014). Over the recent years, different additives have been added to DE formulations to increase the efficiency in storage pest control (Ziaee et al.2019). Silica nanoparticles (SNPs) have fine particles which increase their toxicity and chance of particles contact to insect body resulted in more desiccation and insect death (Arumugam et al.2016, Ziaee and Ganji 2016). In addition, the small size of the particles leads to blockage of insects’ spiracle and trachea and suffocation (Debnath et al.2011). The synergistic effect of silica in combination with DE has been proven since many years ago (Shawir et al.1988, Ebeling 1994). Silica has been added to some commercial DE formulations such as Protect-It (Korunic 1999), Fossil-Shield® (Mewis and Ulrichs 2001), Protector® (Baldassari et al.2008), and Probe-A® (Badii et al.2014, Adarkwah et al.2017) in order to enhance their insecticidal potential. Silica nanoparticles can be used as additive in DE formulations to enhance their efficacy as grain protectant in grain storage facilities and grain-handling machinery (Korunic 1999, Delgarm et al.2019). Our recent study supported the synergistic efficacy of silica aerogel with DE for wheat grain protection against T. confusum and R. dominica. It was previously demonstrated that low rate of silica aerogel (10%) and deltamethrin (0.1%) can satisfactorily enhance the insecticidal efficacy of Mamaghan DE (natural Iranian DE deposit) and suppressed insect species progeny production (Delgarm et al.2019).
Analytical and toxicological aspects of dithiocarbamates: an overview of the last 10 years
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2022
Jéssica Cristina Romoli, Deborah Thais Palma Scarferla, Raul Gomes Aguera, Renata Sano Lini, Giseli Cristina Pante, Carlos Roberto Bueno Junior, Juliana Cristina Castro, Simone Aparecida Galerani Mossini, Camila Marchioni, Miguel Machinski Junior
With the use of SPE, some difficulties related to LLE can be avoided, such as consumption of a high amount of organic solvents, incomplete phase separations and emulsion formation (Imran et al. 2015 ). It is important to highlight that SPE has been considered as an extremely important sample preparation technique for the analysis of pesticide biomarkers in liquid biological matrices, such as urine and milk, due to its capacity of extraction and purification. For that, a suitable sorbent must be chosen according to the polarity of the analytes to be extracted. Besides, the sorbent-analyte interaction is not only dependent on the analyte characteristic, but also on the particularities of the matrix, thus seeking to improve sorption capacity (Ridgway et al. 2007; Yusa et al. 2015; Hashemi et al. 2018). Polymer, carbon and silica-based sorbents chemically bonded or not to various functional groups were the most commonly used in the studies we found (Hashemi et al. 2018). The diatomaceous earth column was used in 55% of them (Table 2), mainly for urine preparation, due to its polarity-related characteristics, which allow for a fast process (Fustinoni et al. 2005; Colosio et al. 2006; Jones et al. 2010; Sammartano et al. 2020; Mandic-Rajcevic et al. 2019). However, due to the physical and chemical instabilities and the limited reuse of these sorbents, further studies should be carried out in search of new sorbents for the extraction of dithiocarbamates and biotransformation products from biological samples. Innovative phases, such as imprinted molecular (MIPs), magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), organic metal structures (MOFs), graphene or graphene oxide (G and GO) and metallic nanoparticles could be evaluated as sorbents. Therefore, in the future, SPE extraction could become more efficient, especially in complex matrices, such as urine, and also in analytes, such as ETU. Regarding the disadvantages of SPE, we can mention the optimization process for sample volume, solvent and volume for cleaning and elution, as well as pH conditions, which can make it a time-consuming process (Ridgway et al. 2007; Yusa et al. 2015; Hashemi et al. 2018).