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Epidemiology, Disease Transmission, Prevention, and Control
Published in Julius P. Kreier, Infection, Resistance, and Immunity, 2022
Waterborne microorganisms have been estimated to account for almost forty percent of the annual mortality due to infectious disease. They include Salmonella, Shigella, and V. cholerae. Vibrio cholerae, in addition to being acquired and spread through food, is also spread by bathing in or drinking contaminated water. It remains endemic in India, Bangladesh, and Africa. It has recently caused epidemics in the Americas. In the United States it exists in waters in the gulf coast of Texas, Louisiana, and Florida, Chesapeake Bay, the California coast, and coastal waters to the north. Vibrio cholerae occurs in riverine, brackish water, and estuarine ecosystems, being part of the natural flora of plankton and is found in the gut of, and attached to the surface of, both freshwater and marine copepods. Outbreaks in humans seem to be related to plankton blooms associated with warm sea-surface temperatures. The phytoplankton blooms are a food source for the copepods upon which the cholera bacterium thrives. Movement of tidal waters carries the algal blooms and copepods toward land and into rivers, bringing the bacterium into contact with humans who use this water for bathing or as a source of drinking water. Vibrio vulnificus is another Vibrio that could be found in estuarine waters and from shellfish and occasionally infects man in the U.S.
Remote Sensing and Computational Epidemiology
Published in Abbas Rajabifard, Greg Foliente, Daniel Paez, COVID-19 Pandemic, Geospatial Information, and Community Resilience, 2021
Vibrio Cholerae (VC), a bacterium autochthonous to the aquatic environment, is the agent causing Cholera, a severe aquatic, life-threatening diarrheal disease occurring mostly in developing countries. VC has many different types of serogroups, only two of which can cause epidemic cholera. Those two serogroups are called serogroups O1 and serogroups O139 (O139 is found only in Asia) and can cause epidemic cholera if they also produce the cholera toxin. VC, including both serogroups O1 and O139, is found in association with crustacean zooplankton, mainly copepods, and notably in ponds, rivers, estuarine, and coastal region globally. Cholera bacteria attach to zooplanktons (copepods), form thin biofilms in the brackish water especially in coastal regions. Since copepods feed on phytoplankton, the proliferation of phytoplankton increases the number of cholera bacteria. (Shafiqul Islam), a member of an interdisciplinary research team from Tufts University and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, US. The incidence of cholera and the occurrence of pathogenic VC strains with zooplankton were studied in many areas.
Gnathostoma
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
O. Sanpool, P.M. Intapan, David Blair, Yukifumi Nawa, W. Maleewong
Adults generally live in a tumor formed through a proliferation of the host connective tissue, which may be followed by calcification of the area surrounding the parasite. Worms lie with their heads buried in the wall of the relevant organ and their tails extending from the tumor into the lumen of the organ. More than one tumor might occur in a host, and each may contain one or more worms of both sexes. Females release fertilized eggs into the stomach (or esophageal) lumen, from which they are eventually voided via the stool (or urine in the case of G. vietnamicum). Fertilized eggs embryonate and develop, from L1 to sheathed L2 in water. In the case of G. spinigerum, optimum development occurs within a temperature range of 24°C–30°C. The L2 larvae hatch through an operculum and swim in water until they are eaten by copepods. Within the hemocoel of the copepod, they develop into EL3 within 7–14 days.22 When infected copepods are eaten by the second intermediate host, EL3s move into the muscle tissue or liver of the new host, where they encyst and grow into AL3. When these in turn are ingested by a definitive host, they develop to the adult stage to complete the life cycle within about 100 days.
Toxicity and biomarkers of micro-plastic in aquatic environment: a review
Published in Biomarkers, 2021
Kamrul Hassan Suman, Md Niamul Haque, Md Jamal Uddin, Most Shirina Begum, Mahmudul Hasan Sikder
Organisms’ can exhibit a wide band of feeding behaviour depending on species, life-stage and prey accessibility, whereas mechano-chemical receptors also contribute in the selection of suitable prey particles (Greene and Landry 1985, Cole et al. 2013). Organisms with more complex intestines (zigzag shaped) and stomachs with a small opening to the intestines have been found to grasp more freshwater plastics increasing the chances of plastic accumulation and strong impairment (Jabeen et al. 2017). Previous experiments identified that MPs uptake by zooplankton was higher due to the indiscriminate feeding modes where prey was often non-selectively fed upon (Cole et al. 2013). Some species found to selectively feed on one species of algae over another species and over plastic beads (Frost 1977, Ayukai 1987). In the copepod Calanus helgolandicus, choice of tiny algal prey has been observed in presence of both MPs and algal prey demonstrated that the copepods could change their feeding modes to discard ingestion of microplastics (Cole et al. 2015).
Metabarcoding and metabolomics offer complementarity in deciphering marine eukaryotic biofouling community shifts
Published in Biofouling, 2018
Jean-François Briand, Xavier Pochon, Susanna A. Wood, Christine Bressy, Cédric Garnier, Karine Réhel, Félix Urvois, Gérald Culioli, Anastasija Zaiko
The relative abundance of the most frequent eukaryotic OTUs revealed on the reference panels (R), including both non-specific (i.e. OTUs detected at both sites across more than three seasons), and site-specific OTUs (i.e. detected across more than two seasons at only one site), are shown in Figure 3 and Figure S7. Five OTUs were considered as frequent and non-specific. OTU 106 corresponded to the copepod Harpacticus sp. (Arthropoda, Crustacea) and was recorded throughout the year at the two sites without a clear seasonal trend. An unclassified Maxillopoda (Arthropoda, Crustacea, OTU 115) was recorded mainly during spring and summer at Toulon whereas no clear trend was observed at Lorient (Figure 3 and Figure S7). Conversely, Chromadorina spp. (Nematoda, two OTUs, 153 and 154) were primarily recorded during spring and summer at Lorient and showed no clear pattern at Toulon. Finally, although the taxonomy of OTU 181 (Metazoa) could not be assigned, it was observed throughout the year at Toulon without marked variations, whereas its presence at Lorient was significantly higher during spring.
Comparative study of dissolved and nanoparticulate Ag effects on the life cycle of an estuarine meiobenthic copepod, Amphiascus tenuiremis
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2018
Mithun Sikder, Emily Eudy, G. Thomas Chandler, Mohammed Baalousha
Copepods are the most abundant arthropods on earth, and nearly the most abundant of all metazoans known, rivaled only by nematode round-worms (Giere 2009). For aquatic/marine ecosystems, they are a key to food-web integrity, quality, and sustainability (Hicks and Coull 1983). Impacts of contaminants on the reproductive success of an important prey species could affect the population dynamics of that species and possibly other species dependent on it through selective grazing or predation. Since, A. tenuiremis and other meiobenthic copepods are a key part of the diet of fishes (Gee 1989), shrimps, and crabs (Coull 1990), there is potential for Ag uptake and subsequent transfer to higher level organisms of direct value to humans.