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Neoplasia in pregnancy
Published in Hung N. Winn, Frank A. Chervenak, Roberto Romero, Clinical Maternal-Fetal Medicine Online, 2021
Several histologic types of vaginal cancer, although rare, tend to occur more commonly than squamous cell carcinoma in women of reproductive age. Adenocarcinoma, usually of the clear cell variety, may develop after in utero exposure to diethylstilbestrol. The link between diethylstilbestrol exposure and clear cell adenocarcinoma of the lower genital tract, including the cervix, was well established by 1971, after which the use of diethylstilbestrol during pregnancy was discontinued. The risk of developing adenocarcinoma of the vagina or cervix is actually less than 1 in 1000 for those exposed to the transplacental carcinogen diethylstilbestrol. Approximately one-third of diethylstilbestrol-exposed patients develop adenosis, which may be a precursor to clear cell carcinoma. Such diethylstilbestrol-linked malignancies rarely occur before 14 years of age or after 30 years of age. Thus, frequent cervical and vaginal cytology with careful colposcopic evaluation for abnormal findings are indicated beginning at menarche. Most clear cell adenocarcinomas are diagnosed early (stage I) and thus have a good prognosis with an 80% 5-year survival. In pregnancy, treatment is largely unaltered, as surgery is performed without fetal regard, unless in the final trimester, in which case delay until after delivery may be contemplated.
The effect of soy on menopausal symptoms 40
Published in Barry G. Wren, Progress in the Management of the Menopause, 2020
Nine years ago we undertook a study to see whether foods known to be rich in phyto-estrogens could have estrogenic effects in postmenopausal women33. Twenty-five post-menopausal women were fed 25 g of soy, 25 g of linseed and 10 g of seeds which were then sprouted (10 g dry seed sprouted (per person per day)→ 45-75 g of fresh sprouts), each for 2 weeks at a time over a total period of 6 weeks. Vaginal cytology was assessed by three experienced cytologists blinded to treatment groups. During the food supplementation period, there was a progressive increase in the maturation index of the group of women, and this was significant at the conclusion of the food-supplementation period (p< 0.01). This effect persisted for 2 weeks after cessation of the last food (p < 0.02) ; however, in this study the women acted as their own controls, and their maturation indices were not significantly different from baseline values 8 weeks after the last food supplement (Figure 2). Analysis of the effects of individual foods was limited because of the study design33 with the potential for carry-over effects.
Effects on Female Offspring and Mothers After Exposure to Diethylstilbestrol
Published in Takao Mori, Hiroshi Nagasawa, Toxicity of Hormones in Perinatal Life, 2020
J. Rotmensch, K. Frey, A. L. Herbst
Cervical and vaginal cytology should be obtained separately. Cytology has on occasion detected a CCA prior to clinical evidence and is useful for detecting neoplastic changes of presquamous epithelium (see following).31 To improve upon this lack of sensitivity, quadrants of the vagina and cervix should be separately sampled.
Long-term reproductive effects of benzo(a)pyrene at environmentally relevant dose on juvenile female rats
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2023
Ana Carolina Casali Reis, Bárbara Campos Jorge, Beatriz Rizzo Paschoalini, Jéssica Nogueira Bueno, Julia Stein, Suyane da Silva Moreira, Beatriz de Matos Manoel, Glaura Scantamburlo Alves Fernandes, Hamilton Hisano, Arielle Cristina Arena
During the dosing period, the animals were examined three times per day to detect any visible abnormalities and to observe the general health of the animals, as well as their body weight and water and food average consumption. The body weight gain during treatment was obtained by the formula: final weight/initial weight × 100. Females were examined for vaginal opening (VO) beginning on PND 30. Once VO had occurred, the females were weighed, and the daily vaginal lavage was collected according to Marcondes et al. (2002), to detect the day of the first estrus (abundance of anucleated epithelial cells). Normal saline (10 µL) was instilled into the vaginal orifice and subsequently aspirated. Vaginal fluids were placed on a glass slide and the vaginal cytology was analyzed via light microscopy (Leica MicroStar IV) at 200× magnification.
Resveratrol improves follicular development of PCOS rats via regulating glycolysis pathway and targeting SIRT1
Published in Systems Biology in Reproductive Medicine, 2023
Peng Huo, Man Li, Jianghua Le, Chunjiang Zhu, Jun Yao, Shun Zhang
The effects of resveratrol treatment on the estrous cycle in the rats were assessed by vaginal cytology. Figure 3A showed the vaginal cytology between day 33 and day 42 (Figure 1). The rats in the control group showed a complete estrous Figure 3A; in the model group, the rats showed a disordered estrous cycle on the 10th day after high-fat diet and letrozole intragastric administration Figure 3A. In the resveratrol-treated PCOS rats, the estrous period appeared at 14 days after resveratrol treatment and the complete estrous period was observed at 21 days after resveratrol treatment Figure 3A. The ovarian morphology of the rats was assessed by the H&E staining. As compared to the control group, the rats from the model group showed multiple follicles cystic expansion, and the ovary was vacuolated and had disorganized structure with atretic follicles and corpus luteum Figure 3B. The granulosa cells were sparse and radiating crowns were lost in the model group Figure 3B. After the resveratrol treatment, the PCOS rats showed multiple luteal bodies and follicles at different stages Figure 3B. Moreover, resveratrol treatment improved granular cell layers in the ovary of the PCOS rats Figure 3B.
Follicle loss and PTEN/PI3K/mTOR signaling pathway activated in LepR-mutated mice
Published in Gynecological Endocrinology, 2019
Hexia Xia, Ruixiu Zhang, Haiyun Guan, Wei Zhang
At age 10 weeks, all mice were monitored for their reproductive periods using vaginal smears between 8:00 am and 9:00 am for 10–14 consecutive days. A disinfected swab with normal saline was dipped into the upper 1/3 of the vaginal wall for vaginal discharge. The secretion was then coated on clean glass slides to produce well-proportioned smears, fixed with 95% ethanol and stained with eosin to be examined under a microscope (Olympus BX51; Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) fitted with a digital camera (Olympus DP70; Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) at 10× and 40× magnifications. The stages were assessed based on vaginal cytology, as previously reported [15,17]. A proestrus smear consisted predominantly of nucleated cornified cells; an estrus smear consisted primarily of anucleated cornified cells; a metestrus smear consisted of an equal proportion of leukocytes, cornified and nucleated epithelial cells; and a diestrus smear consisted primarily of leukocytes. A 4–5-day reproductive period was determined to be a regular cycle [18].