China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Do Exercise and Yoga Improve the Quality of Life?
Published in Mehwish Iqbal, Complementary and Alternative Medicinal Approaches for Enhancing Immunity, 2023
In reproductive women, the most frequently seen hormonal disease is polycystic ovarian disease, affecting around 5 to 15% of females as early as in their 20s (Franks, 1995; March et al., 2010; Welt & Carmina, 2013). Since the precise causes of the disease are unidentified, it is recognised by depending upon the agreed criteria and the elimination of other endocrine diseases, with the most frequently used being the Rotterdam criteria for the diagnosis of PCOS (Shele et al., 2020). Polycystic ovarian syndrome is distinguished by anovulation or oligoovulation, hirsutism, hyperandrogenism, acne, subfertility, infrequent cycles of menstruation and alopecia (Franks, 1995; Raj et al., 1978). Along with the reproductive and endocrine effects, polycystic ovarian syndrome also affects psychological and cardio-metabolic health over the lifespan (Shele et al., 2020; Teede et al., 2010; Welt & Carmina, 2013).
DRCOG MCQs for Circuit A Questions
Published in Una F. Coales, DRCOG: Practice MCQs and OSCEs: How to Pass First Time three Complete MCQ Practice Exams (180 MCQs) Three Complete OSCE Practice Papers (60 Questions) Detailed Answers and Tips, 2020
Causes of dysmenorrhoea include: Endometriosis.IUD.Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID).Fibroids.Polycystic ovarian disease.
Ultrasonic Monitoring of Follicular Growth and Ovulation in Spontaneous and Stimulated Cycles
Published in Asim Kurjak, Ultrasound and Infertility, 2020
Polycystic ovarian disease is clinically diagnosed by the analysis of hormonal levels, which are, however, extremely variable and not disturbed exclusively by the presence of ovarian disease. Ultrasound demonstration of ovarian enlargement and characteristic morphological appearance are important for accurate diagnosis of polycystic ovarian disease. A typical ultrasonic appearance of this condition is a bilateral ovarian enlargement with numerous small cysts that range from 2 to 6 mm in size. Although ovarian enlargement has been clearly demonstrated by using static equipment, intraovarian cysts could be seen more clearly by applying real-time machines. In 20% of patients, a polycystic pattern cannot be demonstrated, but the ovaries appear hypoechoic and many thick echoes arranged along parallel lines can be seen (Figures 20 and 21).37,38
Relevance and therapeutic implication of macroprolactinemia detection using PEG 6000 in women of childbearing age with hyperprolactinemia: experience at a tertiary hospital
Published in Journal of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes of South Africa, 2023
Anne Ongmeb Boli, Martine Claude Etoa Etoga, Francine Mekobe Mendane, Charly Feutseu, Eloumba Mbono Samba, Amazia Falmata, Arnaud Manga Ndi, Jean-Claude Katte, Mesmin Dehayem, Vicky Jocelyn Ama Moor, Jean Claude Mbanya, Eugène Sobngwi
It was argued that macroprolactin is confined to the vascular system and has limited access to the prolactin receptor of target organs, resulting in limited bioactivity in vivo and asymptomatic hyperprolactinemia.13 Consistent with this hypothesis, there was no association between macroprolactinemia and common symptoms of hyperprolactinemia in our study population. Macroprolactinemia is usually suspected when hyperprolactinemic patients do not present with symptoms of hyperprolactinemia. However, some patients present with symptoms such as menstrual disorders, galactorrhoea or signs of hypogonadism, which are thought to reveal concomitant pathologies such as polycystic ovarian disease (PCOS), monomeric prolactinemia or psychogenic erectile dysfunction in men.6 Isik et al. in 2012, among others, reported a prevalence of hyperprolactinemia symptoms in up to 45% of patients with macroprolactinemia.6,12 In addition, Olukoga et al. (2002) suggested that the macroprolactin complex may dissociate in vivo in some cases, releasing bioactive, monomeric prolactin that causes the symptoms in these patients. This release of monomeric PRL, which may result from intermittent dissociation from the low-affinity, high-capacity IgG antibody to which it is bound in macroprolactin, may contribute to the development of symptoms of hyperprolactinemia.11
Female infertility caused by organophosphates: an insight into the latest biochemical and histomorphological findings
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2023
Mohammad Samare-Najaf, Ali Samareh, Bahia Namavar Jahromi, Navid Jamali, Sina Vakili, Majid Mohsenizadeh, Cain C. T. Clark, Ali Abbasi, Nastaran Khajehyar
Consistent with what has been mentioned about aquatic inhabitants, OPs can disrupt follicle homeostasis and induce cell death by altering physiological metabolism and decreasing/increasing metabolite levels in rodents’ ovaries. For example, exposure to monocrotophos, dimethoate, and methyl parathion, even at low doses, leads to a drastic decrement in the cytoplasmic- and membrane-bound proteins, total lipids, phospholipids, and cholesterol (Kaur and Dhanju 2005). Induction of oxidative stress upon exposure to OPs leads to lipid peroxidation and an increase in the levels of malondialdehyde (Sargazi et al.2015, Sharma et al.2015). Interestingly, ovaries, when compared to the testis, are more sensitive to the induction of oxidative stress, which could imply gender-related differences in sensitivity to OPs (Sargazi et al.2015). Due to the importance and complexity of the effects of oxidative stress on ovarian disease, fullicular apoptosis, and subsequent infertility, we sought to discuss it in detail in the next section.
The impact of letrozole on oocyte quality in assisted reproductive technology (ART); a randomized double-blind clinical trial
Published in Gynecological Endocrinology, 2022
Batool Hossein Rashidi, Ensieh Shahrokh Tehraninejad, Saeed Amanpour, Fatemeh Bandarian, Mahin Bandarian
Letrozole by reducing estradiol levels may modify the negative impact of high estradiol levels on oocyte quality and endometrial receptivity [21]. Based on recent studies, letrozole with reduction of estradiol level can decrease risk of ovarian hyper stimulation syndrome (OHSS) in polycystic ovarian disease (PCOD) patients, that are at high risk for this catastrophic IVF complication [22,23]. Also, accumulated androgens improve ovarian response through the IGF-1 system [11]. Co-administration of letrozole and less gonadotropin stimulation produce an adequate number of oocytes and prevent excessive E2 and progesterone levels. Also, AIs such as letrozole have an established role in preventing estrogen-dependent tumors recurrence such as breast cancer [24]. The effect of co administration of letrozol in controlled ovarian stimulation was investigated initially in fertility preservation cycles of breast cancer patients, and showed controversial results [25–27].