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Exercise testing in females
Published in R. C. Richard Davison, Paul M. Smith, James Hopker, Michael J. Price, Florentina Hettinga, Garry Tew, Lindsay Bottoms, Sport and Exercise Physiology Testing Guidelines: Volume II – Exercise and Clinical Testing, 2022
Kirsty M. Hicks, Anthony C. Hackney, Michael Dooley, Georgie Bruinvels
Practical methods are easy and affordable to implement. Calendar-based counting is the simplest tool, only requiring logging bleed days. From this data, menstrual cycle length can be calculated alongside bleeding patterns. Calendar-based counting is also required to support other monitoring tools (e.g., basal body temperature, urinary ovulation kits). If appropriate, calendar-based counting can be modified to narrate physical, physiological, pathological and psychological symptoms, e.g., cervical mucus, breast tenderness, menstrual cramps, bloating, mood, fatigue and physical performance. Over time (>3 cycles), consistent monitoring can be used, retrospectively and preemptively, to identify menstrual patterns and associations. Unfortunately, due to the subjective nature of these monitoring tools, physiological confirmation of menstrual phases and/or ovulation is not possible. Alternatively, tracking basal body temperature can infer ovulation and, with calendar-based counting, menstrual phases. Twenty-four hours prior to ovulation, basal body temperature reaches its thermal nadir, followed by a 0.2–0.5℃ post-ovulatory rise, which plateaus and then returns preceding menstruation.
Testing the female athlete
Published in R. C. Richard Davison, Paul M. Smith, James Hopker, Michael J. Price, Florentina Hettinga, Garry Tew, Lindsay Bottoms, Sport and Exercise Physiology Testing Guidelines: Volume I – Sport Testing, 2022
Kirsty M. Hicks, Anthony C. Hackney, Michael Dooley, Georgie Bruinvels
Practical methods are easy and affordable to implement. Calendar-based counting is the simplest tool, only requiring logging bleed days. From these data, menstrual cycle length can be calculated alongside bleeding patterns. Calendar-based counting is also required to support other monitoring tools (e.g., basal body temperature, urinary ovulation kits). If appropriate, calendar-based counting can be modified to narrate physical, physiological, pathological and psychological symptoms, e.g., cervical mucus, breast tenderness, menstrual cramps, bloating, mood, fatigue and physical performance. Over time (more than three cycles) consistent monitoring can be used, retrospectively and pre-emptively, to identify menstrual patterns and associations. Unfortunately, due to the subjective nature of these monitoring tools, physiological confirmation of menstrual phases and/or ovulation is not possible. Alternatively, tracking basal body temperature can infer ovulation and, with calendar-based counting, menstrual phases. Twenty-four hours prior to ovulation, basal body temperature reaches its thermal nadir, followed by a 0.2°–0.5°C post-ovulatory rise, which plateaus and then returns preceding menstruation.
Family planning
Published in Michael J. O’Dowd, The History of Medications for Women, 2020
Since Squire (1868) described an increase in the basal body temperature in the second half of the cycle, it became apparent that ovulation could be detected. Avoidance of intercourse at that time led to the concept of ‘natural family planning’. Ogino (1930) of Japan, estimated a method of determining the fertile period later known as the ‘calendar method’. Seguy and Simmonet (1933) related cervical mucous change to ovulation. Their research prompted John Billings (an Australian ear, nose and throat surgeon) and his wife Evelyn to investigate the use of cervical mucous changes in the prediction of ovulation as a method of family planning (Billings et al., 1972).
Hormonal and natural contraceptives: a review on efficacy and risks of different methods for an informed choice
Published in Gynecological Endocrinology, 2023
Andrea R. Genazzani, Tiziana Fidecicchi, Domenico Arduini, Andrea Giannini, Tommaso Simoncini
FABM of family planning are defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) [11]: Fertility awareness-based methods of family planning involve identification of the fertile days of the menstrual cycle, whether by observing fertility signs such as cervical secretions and basal body temperature, or by monitoring cycle days. Fertility awareness-based methods can be used in combination with abstinence or barrier methods during the fertile time. [11] The calendar (or rhythm) method is the earliest form of contraception. It is based on past cycle lengths and calculates the estimated fertile days of the menstrual cycle. Obviously, given the high biological variability in the length of the menstrual cycle, particularly in some periods of a woman’s life, this method is the least effective and is usually overcome [12]. Another early approach was the basal body temperature method: it is based on the observation that the basal body temperature rises slightly after ovulation; therefore, intercourses are possible if the basal body temperature, measured on waking and before any activity, is elevated above baseline (i.e. the temperature of the first day of the menstrual cycle) for three consecutive days. This prolonged rise means that ovulation has already occurred [12]. More precise FABMs have since been formulated, namely the Billing ovulation method and the symptothermal method.
Temperature regulation in women: Effects of the menstrual cycle
Published in Temperature, 2020
Fiona C. Baker, Felicia Siboza, Andrea Fuller
For decades, women have relied on measuring changes in their daily awakening temperature, typically taken with an oral thermometer once a day, to track ovulatory cycles [64]. de Mouzon and colleagues [55] investigated the reliability of basal core body temperature (morning rectal temperature) for determining the timing of ovulation. Women who were admitted to hospital for in vitro fertilization or sterility evaluation measured their temperature across the periovulatory period (72 h before until 72 h after ovulation) and four blood samples were taken each day. They concluded that basal core body temperature is an unreliable indicator of ovulation for three main reasons: (1) large variation in the interval between the core body temperature nadir or rise in temperature and ovulation; (2) the need for a 48-h window to confirm a basal core body temperature criterion because of a large number of false nadirs and temperature rises; (3) difficulty in interpreting basal core body temperature charts [55]. However, they suggest that basal body temperature may be of use in confirming ovulation has occurred after the fact. Despite these and other limitations [reviewed in 64], basal body temperature measurement is simple and cheap [175] and, therefore, remains a popular way of retrospectively tracking ovulatory cycles.
Comparison of clomiphene citrate and letrozole for ovulation induction in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a prospective randomized trial
Published in Gynecological Endocrinology, 2017
Chang Liu, Guimei Feng, Wei Huang, Qiuyi Wang, Shiyuan Yang, Jing Tan, Jing Fu, Dong Liu
Ovulation rate as the main indictor, the sample size was calculated by introducing maximal and minimal ovulation rate retrieved in literatures into the formula (Figure 1) [8,11,12]. SPSS 21.0 software (IBM Inc., Armonk, NY) was used to create a random figure, and the participants were numbered and randomly divided into group CC, CC + MET, LE, and LE + MET according to the order of inclusion. The oral administration of CC was started in the group CC or CC + MET since day 3 to day 5 of the menstrual cycle at a daily dose of 50 mg for 5 days; and the daily dose gradually increased to 100 mg or 150 mg at maximum in the next cycle if the undeveloped follicle (<16 mm) was present in the previous cycle. The oral administration of LE started in the group LE or LE + MET from day 3 to day 5 of the menstrual cycle at a daily dose of 5 mg for 5 days. An additional MET (1000–1500 mg/d) was orally administered to patients in the groups CC + MET and LE + MET. The basal body temperature and/or ultrasound monitor were performed during the ovulation induction period for consecutive three cycles or conception. The ovulation rate, pregnancy rate, and pregnant outcome (abortion, premature delivery, and live birth) were recorded.