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Mood Disorders
Published in Vincenzo Berghella, Maternal-Fetal Evidence Based Guidelines, 2022
Madeleine A. Becker, Tal E. Weinberger, Leigh J. Ocker
Untreated gestational depression and depressive symptoms during pregnancy have been found to have other negative effects on the developing fetus including hyperactivity and irregular fetal heart rate. Newborns of depressed mothers have been found to have increased cortisol and norepinephrine levels, decreased dopamine levels, altered EEG patterns, reduced vagal tone, stress/depressive-like behaviors, and increased rates of premature deaths and neonatal intensive care unit admission. Children of mothers that were depressed during pregnancy have shown increased salivary cortisol levels, internalizing and externalizing problems, as well as central adiposity [28]. A recent population based study, which followed children for ten years after birth, found that severe maternal depressive symptoms in the peripartum period and especially in the postpartum period may impact child brain development, with smaller white and gray matter, as compared with children whose mothers had no symptoms of depression [29]. Postpartum depression can also impact infant cognitive development, emotional and language development, as well as increase risk for emotional problems and symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder [30]. Perinatal depression, and especially antenatal depression, has also been associated with the risk of depression in adolescence and adulthood in affected offspring [31].
Psychiatric disorders in pregnancy
Published in Hung N. Winn, Frank A. Chervenak, Roberto Romero, Clinical Maternal-Fetal Medicine Online, 2021
Psychotherapy can be an effective option for some women with perinatal depression. For women with milder symptoms who prefer psychosocial treatment, it should be considered first line. Psychologic treatments like interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) are efficacious for antenatal depression (104). At present, there are not efficacy studies demonstrating the benefit of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for antenatal depression. For postpartum women with milder symptoms, various psychosocial treatments delivered by nonmental health or mental health professionals have been shown to improve depressive symptoms (27). For more severe depression, benefit has only been shown in studies with well-defined treatments, such as IPT or CBT, delivered by highly trained professionals (27).
Depression, Anxiety, and Psychological Distress in the Perinatal Period
Published in Rosa Maria Quatraro, Pietro Grussu, Handbook of Perinatal Clinical Psychology, 2020
Jeannette Milgrom, Alan W. Gemmill
As depression during pregnancy (antenatal depression) is a strong predictor of postnatal depression, many postnatal women identified with depression will have been depressed during pregnancy (Leigh & Milgrom, 2008). In addition, symptoms of antenatal and postnatal depression have a wider impact, not only profoundly affecting a woman’s emotional well-being but also being associated with poorer antenatal self-care and a variety of obstetric complications and pregnancy outcomes (Andersson, Sundström-Poromaa, Wulff, Åström, & Bixo, 2004; Couto et al., 2009; Dayan et al., 2006; Zhao et al., 2016; Zuckerman, Amero, Bauchner, & Cabral, 1989).
Stress, locus of control, hope and depression as determinants of quality of life of pregnant women: Croatian Islands' Birth Cohort Study (CRIBS)
Published in Health Care for Women International, 2021
Eva Anđela Delale, Natalija Novokmet, Nives Fuchs, Ivan Dolanc, Rafaela Mrdjen-Hodžić, Deni Karelović, Stipan Janković, Sanja Musić Milanović, Noel Cameron, Saša Missoni
Numerous socio-demographic, clinical and reproductive health characteristics have been considered as predictor variables for different dimensions of women’s QoL (Keshavarzi et al., 2013; Kuehner & Buerger, 2005; Mirghafourvand et al., 2018; Triviño-Juárez et al., 2016; Vermeulen et al., 2007). Today, greater emphasis is placed on the study of individual mental health because mental disorders negatively affect individuals, family function, economic status as well as public health. Antenatal depression increases the risk of various adverse outcomes, including preterm birth, pre-eclampsia, fetal growth restriction and infant behavior disorders (Grote et al., 2010; Schubert et al. 2017). According to data from previous research, the peak prevalence of major depressive disorder among women is during the childbearing years. A population-based survey of more than 15,000 women found that the prevalence of major depressive disorder during pregnancy is 8.4% (Patel & Wisner, 2011). The prevalence of postpartum depression in a community sample in Croatia was 8.1%, where the level of depression from pregnancy to postpartum is moderately stable and the mean depression score decreases over time (Nakić Radoš et al., 2013a).
Prevalence of prenatal and postpartum depression and associated factors among HIV-infected women in public primary care in rural South Africa: a longitudinal study
Published in AIDS Care, 2018
Karl Peltzer, Violeta J Rodriguez, Tae Kyoung Lee, Deborah Jones
Globally, the prevalence of perinatal depression has been estimated to be 11.9% (Woody, Ferrari, Siskind, Whiteford, & Harris, 2017). Among HIV-infected women in Africa, a review of antenatal depression found a weighted mean prevalence of 23.4% (and suspected antenatal depression of 43.5%) and of 22.5% with postnatal depression (suspected postnatal depression of 31.1%), though no reported incidence rates of depression (Sowa, Cholera, Pence, & Gaynes, 2015). A global review of longitudinal studies of depression found an average rate of antenatal depression of 17% and of postnatal depression of 13% (Underwood, Waldie, D’Souza, Peterson, & Morton, 2016). On average, 39% with antenatal depression reported postnatal depression, and 47% with postnatal depression reported previous antenatal depression, suggesting that postnatal depression may be a continuation of antenatal depression (Underwood et al., 2016). Untreated antenatal depression is associated with poor pregnancy outcomes and untreated postnatal depression may lead to severe health consequences to both the infant and the mother (Sowa et al., 2015).
Antenatal and postpartum depression: effects on infant and young child health and feeding practices
Published in South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2018
The perinatal period is a physically and emotionally stressful time for women. If the additional burden of depression is present, it can have a serious impact on the wellbeing of mother and infant by contributing to preterm delivery and having an impact on the mother and infant bond. The latter can result in suboptimal physical, social and cognitive development.1 Anxiety and depression is the third leading cause of disease burden for women between 14 to 44 years of age.2 The World Health Organisation (WHO) reports that 15 to 57% of women in developing countries experience symptoms indicative of depression.3 Depression during pregnancy is referred to as antenatal depression, while depression that manifests shortly after delivery, is referred to as postpartum depression (PPD).4 Symptoms of maternal depression include: insomnia, fatigue, irritability, forgetfulness, headaches, abdominal pain and breast tenderness.1