China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Health and Medicine in Interwar Europe
Published in Roger Cooter, John Pickstone, Medicine in the Twentieth Century, 2020
The Vichy schemes found a parallel in Nazi health surveys, correlating medical and demographic data. Joachim Mrugowsky, from 1939 head of the hygiene institute of the Waffen-SS, applied botanical studies of the ecology and sociology of plant communities to teaching racial hygiene. He argued that hygiene involved study of the interactions of the living with their environment or Umwelt. His bio-geographical approach to the social problems of the Mansfeld miners who lived in villages near the Harz mountains was geared to the Nazi policy of moving industry to rural areas. In line with Nazi views of dynamic and holistic science, he constantly criticized Koch’s bacteriology as narrow in its concern with infections rather than with the totality of physical, social, cultural, historical and geographical factors shaping health.
Facilitating Gay Men’s Coming Out: An Existential-Phenomenological Exploration
Published in Elizabeth Peel, Victoria Clarke, Jack Drescher, British Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Psychologies, 2020
Existential therapy is understood and accepted “as a dialogic approach to therapy in which clients are encouraged to find their own answers to their own questions through an honest, empathic, challenging, supportive and individual relationship” (Cooper, 2004, p. 4). Rather than defining E-P practice as a technique, it is better understood as a working method. The E-P working method dispenses with any concerns about diagnostic frameworks. Instead, the therapist starts by considering the basic dimensions of human existence, and by attempting to clarify the client’s personal worldview (Van Deurzen, 1988). May (1983) describes the three dimensions of the client’s worldview: First, there is Umwelt, literally meaning “world around”; this is the biological world, generally called in our day the environment. There is, second, the Mitwelt, literally the “with world,” the world of beings of one’s own kind, the world of one’s fellow men [sic]. The third [dimension] is Eigenwelt, the “own world,” the world of relationship to oneself. (p. 126)
Affective analysis
Published in Celia Lury, Rachel Fensham, Alexandra Heller-Nicholas, Sybille Lammes, Angela Last, Mike Michael, Emma Uprichard, Routledge Handbook of Interdisciplinary Research Methods, 2018
Before perception, affect. Unfortunately, even our sincerest acts of perception are menaced by habit. As I note elsewhere, ‘Habit (Peirce), conventional perception (Bergson), and cliché (Deleuze) form the skin that holds an individual together in a predictable attitude’ (Marks 2010: 17). Perception is, of course, shaped by history and culture. It does not give complete access to the world; in fact, as Bergson pointed out, perception protects us from the world by focusing on survival. Perception is colonized. The reactiveness of perception is exacerbated by technologies that inform how it is possible to perceive. Moreover, while the close bodily senses of touch, taste and smell may create a temporary private Umwelt, even these senses may deliver our body to capital.2
Effects of dietary exposure to the engineered nanomaterials CeO2, SiO2, Ag, and TiO2 on the murine gut microbiome
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2021
Gerrit Bredeck, Angela A. M. Kämpfer, Adriana Sofranko, Tina Wahle, Dominique Lison, Jérôme Ambroise, Burkhard Stahlmecke, Catrin Albrecht, Roel P. F. Schins
Study 1 was performed with CeO2 and SiO2 ENM (both at 1% w/w). The study was approved by the Landesamt für Natur, Umwelt und Verbraucherschutz (LANUV, NRW, Germany) with the reference number 84-02.04.2013.A443. A total of 30 female C57BL/6J mice from the local IUF breeding facility were randomized and acclimated in groups of five animals per cage and in total ten animals per exposure at least one week before starting the exposure. The oral exposures were started at an age of nine to ten weeks. The mice obtained food and water ad libitum. After exposure for 21 days, the mice were sacrificed by cervical dislocation. In alternating order between the control, SiO2 and CeO2 exposure group, one animal at a time was sacrificed and dissected.
Re-visioning clinical reasoning, or stepping out from the skull
Published in Medical Teacher, 2021
Cognition is increasingly seen as an embodied process of both feedback and feed-forward between memory and anticipatory predictive processing, the latter shaped by cues from the environment (Schacter and Addis 2007; Clark 2008, 2016). For nearly a century, ethologists and semioticians have described the effects of immediate context on perception and cognition as Umwelt (von Uexküll 2010). Such feedback/feed-forward loops between brain and environment are not linear and closed, but can be modelled as situated around attractor basins or ‘moving centres’ within nonlinear, dynamic, open, self-organising, complex, adaptive systems (Varela et al. 2016). Anticipation (‘near future’ knowing or informed intuition) allows for innovation in the face of uncertainty. Schemas and memory are constantly being re-shaped by such adaptive learning that, where focused over a long period of time, develops as ‘expertise’ (Kneebone 2020). Here, the ‘mind’ is ‘embodied’ (Kearney and Traynor 2015), ‘extended’ (Gibson 1979; Brown and Duguid 2000; Lieberman 2013), and ‘situated’ (Hutchins 1995) – engaging language, semiotics (signs and symbols) (Barthes 2002), and material objects or artefacts (Mol 2002).
SPI2 T3SS effectors facilitate enterocyte apical to basolateral transmigration of Salmonella-containing vacuoles in vivo
Published in Gut Microbes, 2021
Marcus Fulde, Kira van Vorst, Kaiyi Zhang, Alexander J. Westermann, Tobias Busche, Yong Chiun Huei, Katharina Welitschanski, Isabell Froh, Dennis Pägelow, Johanna Plendl, Christiane Pfarrer, Jörn Kalinowski, Jörg Vogel, Peter Valentin-Weigand, Michael Hensel, Karsten Tedin, Urska Repnik, Mathias W. Hornef
All animals were handled in accordance with regulations defined by FELASA and the national animal welfare body GV-SOLAS (http://gv-solas.de). In vivo experiments were performed in compliance with the German animal protection law (TierSchG) and approved by the local animal welfare committee (Niedersächsisches Landesamt für Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittelsicherheit Oldenburg, Germany; Landesamt für Natur, Umwelt und Verbraucherschutz, North Rhine Westfalia, approval 33.14.42502–04-12/0693, 81–02.04.2017.A397 and Landesamt für Gesundheit und Soziales Berlin (LaGeSo), approval 15/0293 including all approved changes. The number of animals per group was defined prior to the start of the experiments based on previous results and the expected variation of the determined read out in the application for ethical approval (see above).