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Basal Forebrain Organization: An Anatomical Framework for Motor Aspects of Drive and Motivation
Published in Peter W. Kalivas, Charles D. Barnes, Limbic Motor Circuits and Neuropsychiatry, 2019
Lennart Heimer, George F. Alheid, Daniel S. Zahm
As the name ventral striatopallidal system indicates, the striatal and pallidal complexes extend in a continuous fashion to the ventral surface of the brain in the region of the olfactory tubercle (Figures 1 and 2). Anatomical structures like the accumbens and olfactory tubercle, as well as an adjoining part of the basal forebrain, which used to be referred to as the subcommissural substantia innominata,107 have been incorporated into the ventral striatopallidal system, i.e., the ventral striatum and ventral pallidum (Figure 2). Morphologically, the medium-sized cells of the nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle closely resemble the medium-sized spiny neurons that account for the majority of cells in the dorsal striatum. Within the deep layers of the olfactory tubercle, and in contiguous areas immediately below the temporal limb of the anterior commissure, are found moderately large fusiform neurons that comprise the ventral pallidum. The ventral striatopallidal system, in general, provides neuronal connections for allocortex and for prefrontal and temporal association cortices, that are similar or complementary to those provided for neocortex by the caudate-putamen and globus pallidus. With the incorporation of the ventral striatum into the large striatal complex, it may be argued that all areas of cortex are served by subcortical striatal target neurons. These relay the incoming cortical data to the dorsal or ventral pallidum, which in turn sends the information to the thalamus and mesencephalon.
Kindling
Published in Carl L. Faingold, Gerhard H. Fromm, Drugs for Control of Epilepsy:, 2019
The lateral nucleus of the amygdala projects to the hippocampus, limbic cortex, directly to the prepiriform cortex and indirectly to it via interconnections with the basomedial nucleus (see above). It also projects to the substantia innominata. These interconnections suggest that it may have direct influence on several brain areas implicated in development and expression of kindled seizures, especially since Okamoto et al.61 have shown that the substantia innominata may influence the expression of the somatomotor manifestations of kindled seizures. They found that injection of muscimol into the substantia innominata delayed the onset of generalized convulsions in kindled rats.61 The basomedial nucleus also has reciprocal innervations with the substantia innominata and, in addition, has projections to the prepiriform cortex (see above), suggesting that additional pathways for seizure propagation and network interactions may exist.
The Exercise Effect on Mental Health in Older Adults
Published in Henning Budde, Mirko Wegner, The Exercise Effect on Mental Health, 2018
Inna Bragina, Claudia Niemann, Claudia Voelcker-Rehage
In the western world approximately 6–8% of the older population suffers from a mild form and another 6–8% from more severe forms of dementia (Förstl & Lang 2011). Due to prolonged life expectancy, the incidence and prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease and other forms of dementia are expected to quadruple over the next 50 years (Hebert, Beckett, Scherr, & Evans 2001). Dementia is associated with major declines in cognitive functioning through neuronal loss, especially in the hippocampus, substantia innominata, locus coeruleus, and in the temporo-parietal and frontal cortex (International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems-10 (ICD-10). In accordance to the ICD-10, the prerequisites for a diagnosis of dementia are decreases in memory and intellectual capacity affecting the person’s everyday life. The most common forms of dementia occurring in older age are the neurodegenerative forms Alzheimer dementia (AD) and Lewy-body dementia (aggregation of specific proteins within the brain (β-amyloid and microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT) in AD and α-synuclein in Lewy body dementia) and vascular dementia (difficulties with the supply of blood to the brain).
Psychiatric onset of prodromal dementia with Lewy bodies: Current insights into neuroimaging tools
Published in The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 2023
Niels Hansen, Sebastian Johannes Müller, Eya Khadhraoui, Marielle Ernst, Christian Heiner Riedel, Jens Wiltfang, Claudia Lange, Carolin Bouter
Our results indicate that both cardiac MIBG scintigraphy and SPECT can serve as valuable examination methods in diagnosing pro-DLB, as McKeith’s research criteria suggest (McKeith et al. 2020). In particular, SPECT is a promising method to identify a nigrostriatal deficit even at the prodromal stage when accompanied by psychiatric symptoms. More research is needed to determine the diagnostic value of various potential new biomarkers, such as manual MRI segmentation of the substantia innominata in pro-DLB with psychiatric onset, a specific pattern in pro-DLB patients with a mixed onset or psychiatric-symptoms onset on FDG-PET, or the presence of a specific DTI pattern. Another issue to pursue is whether frontoparietal, default mode, and visual networks and their connections to other brain regions are also disrupted in pro-DLB with psychiatric-onset, as Habich showed in DLB (Habich et al. 2022). These diverse studies show that there is significant potential to improve the diagnosis of pro-DLB patients with a psychiatric onset, which should be further developed in the next coming years.
Therapeutic approaches to cholinergic deficiency in Lewy body diseases
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2020
Matthew J. Barrett, Leslie J. Cloud, Harsh Shah, Kathryn L. Holloway
MRI offers a way to measure degeneration of the cholinergic basal forebrain in vivo. Because cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain are not organized into a single nucleus or circumscribed nuclei, standard volumetric techniques cannot readily be applied to this region. One strategy has been to manually define and measure the volume of the substantia innominata, a basal forebrain region containing the NBM and other structures. Studies applying this method found that reduced volume of the substantia innominata was associated with cognitive impairment in PD [28–30]. An alternative method to measure this region is to apply probabilistic maps of the basal forebrain nuclei to calculate gray matter density of Ch4 and the other cholinergic basal forebrain nuclei [31]. Application of this method showed that reduced Ch4 volume in PD was associated with greater risk of future MCI or dementia [32,33].
Centenary of Tretiakoff’s thesis on the morphology of Parkinson’s disease, evolved on the grounds of encephalitis lethargica pathology
Published in Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 2019
The pathogenetic role of the Substantia nigra in Parkinson’s disease was first supposed in 1893 by Paul Blocq and Georges Marinesco at the Salpêtrière in Paris and under Jean-Martin Charcot before his death in the same year (Hostiuc et al., 2016). In a patient with unilateral Parkinson’s tremor—Charcot’s son, Jean-Baptiste Charcot (1867–1936), had documented the clinical evolution (Parent & Parent, 2010)—they found a contralateral encapsulated midbrain tuberculoma destructing the Substantia nigra. Referring to this observation, Édouard Brissaud in 1895 advanced the hypothesis that the lesion of the Substantia nigra would generally be responsible for Parkinson’s disease. Rather late in 1919 this could be proven by Konstantin Tretiakoff in his thesis in Paris. Additionally he found the typical eosinophilic inclusion bodies in the nigral cells calling them “Corps de Lewy,” a twofold outstanding event in the face of the fact that Fritz Heinrich Lewy (1885–1950), although describing the inclusion bodies for the first time in Parkinson’s disease in his handbook contribution (1912), had neglected their significance, especially in the area of the Substantia nigra. Lewy had described them at other seats of the brain—for instance, in the dorsal vagal nucleus, the locus coeruleus, the Substantia innominata (basal nucleus), and the nucleus paraventricularis.