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Multiple Sleep Latency Test
Published in Clete A. Kushida, Sleep Deprivation, 2004
Lamia Afifi, Clete A. Kushida, Mary A. Carskadon
A number of methods can be used to measure sleepiness (see also Chapters 1, 3, and 4) or its consequences. Introspective measures, requiring self-assessment of internal state, have been used for decades. One of the first to be designed and validated specifically to measure sleepiness was the Stanford Sleepiness Scale (SSS), developed by Hoddes and colleagues (2). The SSS was carefully constructed as a seven-point rating scale of equal-appearing intervals from wide awake to devastatingly sleepy, and validated against sleep deprivation. Though it is a well-validated measure for assessing sleepiness in controls, patients with chronic sleepiness appear to lose the ability to assess their internal level of sleepiness accurately (3). Another approach to measuring sleepiness is exemplified by the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, introduced by Johns (4). This scale is commonly used by sleep specialists and evaluates behavior not internal state. Thus, the patient is asked to rate the likelihood of falling asleep in eight specific real-life situations. The score ranges from 0 to 24, and a score of 10 or more usually warrants further investigation (5). Performance tasks have also been used to mark the consequences of sleep loss or correlates of excessive sleepiness. Though tasks that are long, repetitious, self-paced, and simple were once thought best to assess the effect of sleepiness, more recent work with brief high-signal-load tasks, such as the psychomotor vigilance task (PVT) of Dinges and colleagues, show a significant sensitivity to sleepiness resulting from sleep deprivation or sleep restriction (6).
Sleep research recording methods
Published in Philip N. Murphy, The Routledge International Handbook of Psychobiology, 2018
There are a plethora of pediatric sleep surveys and novel versions appear at a relatively high rate of frequency. In lieu of an abbreviated list of the current pediatric sleep surveys and screening instruments, I direct the reader to a series of three comprehensive articles by Drs. Spruyt and Gozal that cover every nuance of the psychometric and conceptual properties of these instruments. In addition, their papers spell out what to look for in future studies to ensure that they have been properly validated (Spruyt & Gozal, 2011a; Spruyt & Gozal, 2011b; Spruyt & Gozal, 2012). Epworth Sleepiness Scale. Brief (eight-item) assessment of propensity to fall asleep in different scenarios, indicating daytime sleepiness severity (Johns, 1991).Global Sleep Assessment Questionnaire. Symptom assessment for the most common sleep disorders, including insomnias, obstructive sleep apnea, periodic limb movement disorder, and parasomnias (Roth et al., 2002).Holland Sleep Disorders Questionnaire. Symptom assessment for the most common sleep disorders using standard diagnostic criteria (Kerkhof et al., 2013).Insomnia Severity Index. Insomnia assessment specifically designed to assess severity for use in clinical intervention outcomes research (Bastien, Vallières, & Morin, 2001).Morningness–Eveningness Scale. Original version of the self-assessment to determine morning-type versus evening-type circadian preference (Horne & Ostberg, 1976).Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Symptom assessment for common sleep disorders as well as general sleep quality and quantity (Buysse, Reynolds, Monk, Berman, & Kupfer, 1989).Sleep-50 Questionnaire. Symptoms assessment for common sleep disorders based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders criteria (Spoormaker, Verbeek, van den Bout, & Klip, 2005)Stanford Sleepiness Scale. Single-item state-based current sleepiness inventory (MacLean, Fekken, Saskin, & Knowles, 1992).
Blue-blocking filters do not alleviate signs and symptoms of digital eye strain
Published in Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 2023
Jesús Vera, Beatriz Redondo, Alba Ortega-Sanchez, Alejandro Molina-Molina, Rubén Molina, Mark Rosenfield, Raimundo Jiménez
At the beginning of each experimental session, participants completed the Stanford Sleepiness Scale (SSS), which provides a global measure of the level of sleepiness/alertness. This scale ranges from 1 ‘Feeling active, vital, alert, or wide awake’ to 7 ‘No longer fighting sleep, sleep onset soon, having dream-like thoughts’.35 Before and after performing the reading task, participants reported their subjective levels of visual fatigue and discomfort using the five-item questionnaire developed by Hoffman et al.,36 as well as their perceived levels of activation using a visual analogue scale. Specifically, the visual fatigue and discomfort questionnaire consisted of five items (see Figure 3 for the description of each question), with each ranging from 0 (no symptoms) to 4 (severe symptoms). For the perceived levels of activation, we used a one question item numerical scale, which ranged from 0 (not activated) to 10 (extremely activated) and has been used in a recent investigation.37
Dim light melatonin onset following simulated eastward travel is earlier in young males genotyped as PER35/5 than PER34/4
Published in Chronobiology International, 2022
Lovemore Kunorozva, Dale E. Rae, Laura C. Roden
The CR protocol is a standard method used to unmask the endogenous circadian components of the physiological and behavioural rhythms by removing any rhythmic changes due to an individual’s lifestyle or environment (Qian and Fajl 2016; Wright et al. 2015). This was achieved by removing environmental, activity, meal timing and social zeitgebers. Participants were kept under constant temperature (25°C), humidity (49%) and dim indoor light conditions (≤10 lux from incandescent lamps measured at eye level using a handheld digital light meter, Maplin LD 140 Light Meter, model 631, UK). During each 28 h CR protocol participants were restricted to a regimen of semi-recumbent posture, low activity and continuous wakefulness (enforced by the investigators) and were given hourly isocaloric nutritional supplements. They were allowed to engage in activities such as reading, listening to music (no radio), watching TV (not live, only pre-recorded), computer work (no internet), and playing board games. Both the TV and computer were physically fitted with screen filters to block blue-light wavelength (LEE filters 767 Oklahoma Yellow, Camquip Trading CC, Johannesburg, South Africa). The clocks within the computers were deactivated so that participants could not obtain time cues from the devices. Subjective sleepiness was measured every three hours using the Stanford Sleepiness Scale (Hoddes et al. 1972). Saliva samples were obtained hourly from 18h00 – 24h00 on D1 and 13h00 – 22h00 on D4 to measure melatonin concentrations. RMR tests were performed at 06h00 on D2 and D4 and at 24h00 on D3 (Figure 1).
A brief pre-exercise nap may alleviate physical performance impairments induced by short-term sustained operations with partial sleep deprivation – A field-based study
Published in Chronobiology International, 2018
Michail E. Keramidas, Christoph Siebenmann, Lena Norrbrand, Magnus Gadefors, Ola Eiken
Ten minutes before the lunges trial, all subjects were requested to fill out the following questionnaires (hardcopy format), based on how they felt at that particular moment: (i) the Profile of Mood States-Short Form (POMS-SF; Shacham 1983), which is a 37-item self-evaluation questionnaire of six subscales: tension, depression, anger, vigor, fatigue and confusion. The description of subjects’ feelings was provided based on a five-point scale with anchors from 0-“not at all” to 4-“extremely”. (ii) The Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI; Smets et al. 1995), which is a 20-item self-rating multidimensional inventory measuring different aspects of fatigue: general fatigue, physical fatigue, reduced activity, reduced motivation and mental fatigue. Each subscale contains four items and the answer ranges from 1-“yes, that is true” to 5-“no, that is not true”. (iii) the Stanford Sleepiness Scale (Hoddes et al. 1973), which assesses the perception of sleepiness. The NAP group additionally completed the same questionnaires prior to the 30-min nap.