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Brain Motor Centers and Pathways
Published in Nassir H. Sabah, Neuromuscular Fundamentals, 2020
It should be noted that the somatotopic organization depicted in Figure 12.3 is a diagrammatic representation of the responses in a frontal plane through the primary motor cortex. It does not imply a one-to-one mapping between cortical neurons and muscles. In fact, at the neuronal level, individual muscles and joints are represented at multiple sites in the primary motor cortex in a complex pattern, and cortical stimulation generally activates several muscles rather than individual muscles.
Brainstem Mechanisms of Gustation
Published in Robert H. Cagan, Neural Mechanisms in Taste, 2020
David V. Smith, Takayuki Marui
Gustatory sensitivities of brainstem cells have been examined in carp65,84,85 and catfish.66,67,86 One of the most salient findings is the mutual occurrence of taste and tactile sensitivity in individual brainstem cells. Ninety percent of the chemosensitive cells in the facial lobe65 and 94% in the superior secondary gustatory nucleus84 of the carp also respond to mechanical stimulation of the skin. Similarly, 78% of amino acid-sensitive cells to the facial lobe of the catfish are mechanically sensitive.66 Most cells in the catfish facial lobe are sensitive to touch rather than amino acids, suggesting that the facial lobe functions not only as a gustatory center, but also as a major center for coordinating the sensory inputs that guide feeding behavior.66 Both the taste and tactile neurons in the facial lobe are organized in a somatotopic fashion,65–67,86 with a disproportionate representation of barbels in comparison with body regions in the catfish.66,67 The tactile neurons in the lobe receive inputs from both facial19,87 and trigeminal85 fibers. The trigeminal input to these tactile neurons is partly through multisynaptic pathways.85
The Somatosensory System
Published in Golara Honari, Rosa M. Andersen, Howard Maibach, Sensitive Skin Syndrome, 2017
The third-order thalamocortical afferents (from thalamus to cortex) travel up through the internal capsule to reach the primary somatosensory cortex, located in the postcentral gyrus, a fold of cortex just posterior to the central sulcus. The thalamocortical afferents convey all the signals, whether from ventro-postero lateral or VPM to primary somatosensory cortex where the sensory information from all body surfaces is mapped in a somatotopic (body-mapped) manner (74,75), with the legs represented medially, at the top of the head, and the face represented laterally. Within the cortex, there are thought to be nine separate areas primarily subserving somatosensation: primary somatosensory cortex, SI, comprised four subregions (2, 1, 3a, and 3b); secondary somatosensory cortex, SII, located along the superior bank of the lateral sulcus (76–80); insular cortex (81); and the posterior parietal cortex, areas 5 and 7b.
Prism adaptation effects in complex regional pain syndrome: A therapo-physiological single case experimental design exploratory report
Published in Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 2022
A. Foncelle, L. Christophe, P. Revol, L. Havé, S. Jacquin-Courtois, Y. Rossetti, E. Chabanat
These results may be linked to the hypothesis put forward by Harris (1999) that pain emerges from an incongruence between motor intention and real movement perception. Verfaille et al. (2019) also suggested that movement could be hampered by disorganization of the cortical somatotopic representations of the pathological limb due either to the peripheral lesions related to the accident or an initial operation, or to the slow interaction between chronic pain and effective use of the limb. According to this idea, improvement of the left (painful) limb would then be responsible for normalization of movement execution and, according to Harris’ hypothesis, for pain relief. This reinforces the existence of a common process involving pain, body representation, egocentric frames of reference and visuomotor spatial attention, and suggests that the links between the various aspects of CRPS must be studied more precisely, and that the concept of “neglect-like” symptoms in CRPS based on the analogy of hemineglect following a stroke is probably too simplistic (Halicka et al., 2020a).
Comparison of reliability and efficiency of two modified two-point discrimination tests and two-point estimation tactile acuity test
Published in Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 2022
Kory Zimney, Gina Dendinger, Macey Engel, Jordan Mitzel
These changes in the somatotopic organization of the primary somatosensory cortex have been found in individuals that have chronic pain conditions (Flor, Braun, Elbert, and Birbaumer, 1997). These cortical changes may be either structural changes in brain morphology and/or functional changes in brain activity. The cortical changes can result in potential distortion of body image (Lotze and Moseley, 2007). The body image as defined by Lotze and Moseley (2007) is ‘the way one’s body feels to its owner.’ This growing understanding of the change in body image found in patients with persistent pain has led to various interventions to potentially make alterations in the function and/or structure within the sensory cortical regions and improve body image in this patient population. One of the primary outcome measurements for these interventions is TPD testing (Byl, Archer, and McKenzie, 2009; Catley et al, 2014; Louw et al, 2015, 2017; Moseley, 2004; Moseley, Zalucki, and Wiech, 2008).
Effectiveness of action observation therapy on upper extremity function in children with cerebral palsy: systematic review and meta-analysis
Published in Physical Therapy Reviews, 2021
Mai Elsayed Abbass, Nahla M. Ibrahim
The effectiveness of AOT in improving motor functions may result from recruiting areas of the motor network and mirror neuron system [24]. AOT facilitates motor learning which helps build motor memory [24]. A study by Buccino et al. [17] supports this finding. They evaluated the effect of using AOT in children with cerebral palsy by functional magnetic resonance imaging. They reported that AOT targets the same hand motor area of the brain that is possibly involved in executing and processing actions. Therefore, AOT influences the recovery of motor areas normally involved in a specific hand motor task. This finding supports the previous study by Buccino et al. [47] that concluded that when observing movements of different body parts, there is a somatotopic organization in the premotor and parietal cortex that corresponds to that found during the actual movement. This somatotopic organization shows that movement observation could produce the same neural response as the actual performance of action [47].