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Introduction: Background Material
Published in Nassir H. Sabah, Neuromuscular Fundamentals, 2020
The peripheral nervous system has two main subdivisions (Figure 1.6): The somatic nervous system, concerned with sensory input to the central nervous system and with motor output to skeletal muscle.The autonomic nervous system, concerned with the control of visceral functions such as heart rate, digestion, respiration, and perspiration. The autonomic nervous system has two main subdivisions: (i) the sympathetic nervous system, involved in the “fight-or-flight” response that mobilizes the body to respond to stressful or threatening conditions, and (ii) the parasympathetic nervous system, concerned with activities of the body at rest, such as digestion and waste elimination. Most organs and systems of the body receive both sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation acting in opposition, thereby providing a more effective, finer control.
Lymphocyte Interactions with Smooth Muscle Cells and Nerves
Published in William J. Snape, Stephen M. Collins, Effects of Immune Cells and Inflammation on Smooth Muscle and Enteric Nerves, 2020
K. Geboes, P. Rutgeerts, V. Desmet
Damage of nervous elements by lymphocytes has been demonstrated in several conditions. The damage involves the tissue of the central nervous system (experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in Lewis rats is characterized by oedema of glial cells, which is the result of cell-mediated autoimmunity) and the peripheral nervous system. In the latter the so called somatic nervous system as well as the autonomic nervous system may be involved.
A medical overview of Tourette syndrome∗
Published in Carlotta Zanaboni Dina, Mauro Porta, James F. Leckman, Understanding Tourette Syndrome, 2019
Carlotta Zanaboni Dina, Mauro Porta
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is made of nerves and groups of nerves, called ganglia, located outside the brain and the spinal cord. Its main function is exchanging information between the CNS and the rest of the body. It is dived into: somatic nervous system – responsible for voluntary responses – and autonomic nervous system –responsible for involuntary responses.
Tending to painful sex: applying the neuroscience of trauma and anxiety using mindfulness and somatic embodiment in working with genito-pelvic pain and penetration disorders
Published in Sexual and Relationship Therapy, 2023
Furthermore the relationship between the brain and the body via the ANS, the somatic nervous system (SomNS) responsible for relaxation of the muscles (Rothschild, 2000), informs us that visceral responses to trauma (in this case prolonged emotional torment and neglect) can be reactivated when a certain posture is resumed, even in a non-threatening context (Rothschild, 2000). For example consensual sexual activity produces involuntary genital arousal, but such sensations send information bi-directionally, first to the brain from the body via the ANS and SomNS, (fast moving System 1), the brain immediately recalls that such sensations are unwelcome, unacceptable and become a source of stress and anxiety ultimately, resending information back to the body and involuntarily contracting the pelvic floor muscles at an unconscious level, even though sexual pleasure is very much wanted ‘consciously’. Such unresolved emotional trauma results in persistent chaos and rigidity (Siegel, 2010a) creating ongoing sexual problems for people longing for pleasure but finding themselves unable to physically ‘relax’ or enjoy the experience, despite a psychological/emotional willingness to do so.
Autoimmune gastrointestinal dysmotility: the interface between clinical immunology and neurogastroenterology
Published in Immunological Medicine, 2021
Shunya Nakane, Akihiro Mukaino, Eikichi Ihara, Yoshihiro Ogawa
The human nervous system controls voluntary and involuntary actions via the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS consists of the brain and the spinal cord and acts as the main control center. The PNS consists of the associated nerve networks, which connect parts of the body to the CNS. The PNS is divided into the autonomic nervous system, which controls involuntary activities such as digestion and breathing, and the somatic nervous system, which controls voluntary actions by transmitting stimuli information to the CNS and sending back response signals to striated muscles. The autonomic nervous system is further divided into the sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric nervous system (ENS). The sympathetic nervous system deals with fight-or-flight signals, the parasympathetic system maintains body conditions, and the enteric nervous system regulates GI functions. The ENS is a large division of the PNS that can control GI behavior independent of CNS input (Figure 2). The ENS may affect the effector systems in the gut directly or indirectly via its action on intermediate cells, which include the epithelium, smooth muscles, blood vessels, endocrine cells, and the interstitial cells of Cajal [9].
Neurotoxic responses of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to fipronil: multi-biomarker approach to illuminate the mechanism in brain
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Arzu Uçar, Fatma Betül Özgeriş, Veysel Parlak, Aslı Çilingir Yeltekin, Esat Mahmut Kocaman, Gonca Alak, Muhammed Atamanalp
Amino-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors are a class of receptors that respond to the neurotransmitter GABA, the inhibitory compound in the central nervous system of vertebrates (Wang et al.2016). FP interferes in the nervous system by selectively binding to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-gated chloride channels and antagonizing the effect of GABA (Stehr et al.2006, Qu et al.2016). Stimulation of the nervous system results in neuronal hyper-excitation, stroke, and death due to the accumulation of GABA in synaptic connections (Gunasekara et al.2007). GABA-mediated neurotransmission takes part in the modulation of several neural pathways in fish development. It has been reported that the affinity of FP to fish GABA receptors is similar to that found in insects and can be highly toxic to fish (Zhang et al.2018, Dallarés et al. 2020). Acetylcholine is one of the most common neurotransmitters in the body. It is released from various parts of the central nervous system, motor neurons of the somatic nervous system, pre-post ganglionic parasympathetic neurons and preganglionic sympathetic neurons in the autonomic nervous system (Ganong 2003). The biomarker evaluated in our study is Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), a crucial enzyme in the nervous system. AChE ends the nerve impulses by supplying hydrolysis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (Lionetto et al.2013). In accordance with research, the effect of insecticides is relavent to reversible or irreversible neutralization of AChE and lead to cholinergic poisoning (Silva et al.2013, Serafini et al.2019), acetylcholine accumulation and hyper-stimulation of receptors (Colovic et al.2013). It can be said that FP administration destroys the brain tissue cholinergic neurons (Tian et al.2018), reduces hydrolysis of ACh, crucial neurotransmitter for synaptic cleft (Baldissera et al.2017), and as a result, inhibits AChE activity. Inhibition of AChE activity may have been caused by the direct effect of FP on the active sites of the AChE enzyme and destroyed its connecting to acetylcholine.