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Physiology of the Nose and Paranasal Sinuses
Published in R James A England, Eamon Shamil, Rajeev Mathew, Manohar Bance, Pavol Surda, Jemy Jose, Omar Hilmi, Adam J Donne, Scott-Brown's Essential Otorhinolaryngology, 2022
Respiratory functions include heat exchange, filtration, humidification, nasal neurovascular reflexes and voice modification. The nose also serves as a sense organ, housing the olfactory apparatus that allows individuals to smell substances for pleasure and defence purposes.
Fenugreek (Methika)
Published in Dilip Ghosh, Prasad Thakurdesai, Fenugreek, 2022
Tanuja Manoj Nesari, Bhargav Bhide, Shivani Ghildiyal
Rasa is the object of the gustatory sense organ and is located in substance. Rasa is perceived through contact with the gustatory sense organ. Thus rasa is known from perception and also from inference on the basis of its characters such as effect on salivation, etc. Rasa are six in number—madhura (sweet), amla (sour), lavana (salty), katu (pungent), tikta (bitter), and kashaya (astringent). Each Rasa has its properties and actions.
Medical and Mathematical Background
Published in Arwa Ahmed Gasm Elseid, Alnazier Osman Mohammed Hamza, Computer-Aided Glaucoma Diagnosis System, 2020
Arwa Ahmed Gasm Elseid, Alnazier Osman Mohammed Hamza
In humans, the eye is a specialized sense organ capable of receiving visual images, which are then carried to the brain, see Figure 2.1 (www.shutterstock.com). This provides the ability to see color, detect motion, identify shapes, gauge distance and speed, judge the size of faraway objects, and see them in three dimensions, even though images fall into two dimensions (Ali Allam, 2017).
The role of medications in successful aging
Published in Climacteric, 2021
The WHO maintains a similar registry of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) attributable to disease categories and specific diseases that can be used to assess the morbidity burden in the same 183 member countries with populations >90,000 [7]. Considering the categories, cardiovascular diseases dominate again (Table 3). They account for nearly one-third of the living disease burden in women aged 50 years and older worldwide. All cancers combined account for roughly half as much as the cardiovascular burden. COPD and musculoskeletal diseases (primarily osteoporosis and arthritis) each account for about half as many DALYs as all cancers. Sense organ diseases, primarily conditions affecting vision (e.g. refractive errors, cataracts, macular degeneration) and hearing loss, account for a similar burden. Dementias and diabetes each account for about 6% of DALYs. Unintentional injuries, largely falls, and mental health issues, predominantly depression, each account for 5% of DALYs.
Video head impulse testing in patients with benign paroxysmal positional vertigo
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 2020
Utricular end organ degeneration is the main pathological assumption in patients with BPPV. Free-floating particles inside the semicircular canal convert the sense organ into a gravity receptor activated by certain head movements. Therefore, positional nystagmus in patients with BPPV is elicited by semicircular canal receptor activation and not by otolith stimulation. However, Gacek suggested that a neural component might be responsible for BPPV and could account for the features not explained by the mechanical concept. He presented temporal bone findings from 5 patients with BPPV in which degenerative changes were found in the inferior vestibular ganglion presumably due to viral infection [16]. He stated that degeneration of vestibular neurons, rather than an alteration in receptor sensitivity is responsible for limited duration of nystagmus, fatigability of the response and subjective symptoms in the absence of nystagmus in some patients.
Determination of the acoustic properties of Turkish ling six sounds used in speech tests
Published in Speech, Language and Hearing, 2022
Çigdem Onen, Guven Mengu, Senay Altinyay, Yusuf Kemal Kemaloglu
The human ear is the most efficient sense organ for perceiving and analysing the acoustics of speech (Cole & Flexer, 2019). It is important to analyse the acoustic properties of speech, especially the formant frequencies of sounds. Such analysis helps determine the sounds that a child can or cannot hear (Easterbrooks & Estes, 2007). A good understanding of the acoustics of spoken language is also essential for promoting the most effective rehabilitation strategies (Giguère, 2013). Audiologists who are familiar with the acoustic properties of speech can select or change the performance characteristics of hearing aids logically and often precisely to suit the needs of individuals and thus provide them with optimal amplification (Ling, 1989). In this context, the Ling Sound Test is commonly used as a basic tool in screening for appropriate aided hearing (Glista, Scollie, Moodie, & Easwar, 2014; Lin & Hung, 2017) and is regarded as valid and reliable by clinicians and researchers (Agung, Purdy, & Kitamura, 2005). The Ling six sounds /a, u, i, m, s, ʃ/ are typically used, as they span the range of speech frequencies. The Ling Six-Sound Test can be administered as a detection, discrimination, and identification task. A detection task examines the listener’s awareness of the presence of sound. However, a discrimination task probes the ability to distinguish between two distinct sounds. A identification task indicates the most sophisticated listening skill. For identification abiltiy, the task of pointing to an object or picture corresponding to the sound heard and the task of repeating the sound heard are used (Ling, 2012; Tye-Murray, 2015).