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Memory
Published in Mohamed Ahmed Abd El-Hay, Understanding Psychology for Medicine and Nursing, 2019
Memory may be the subject to loss (amnesia) or distortion (dysmnesia). Amnesia refers to the inability to memorize information or recall information that is stored in memory, to a greater extent than simple everyday forgetting. Amnesia is usually classified into:Anterograde amnesia: refers to impairment or inability to memorize new things; the person cannot recall or recognize new information or events that occurred after an amnesia-inducing event, e.g., not remembering or the inability to learn retain new names, faces, events, or sequences after an accident.Retrograde amnesia: refers to the inability to recall or recognize information or events that occurred before an amnesia-inducing event.Total or global amnesia: loss of memory of all events.Localized or circumscribed amnesia: loss of memory for a discrete period of time (amnesic gap). It typically occurs after a traumatic event, e.g., loss of memory how a mother left her office and went to hospital after learning that her child had an accident.Selective amnesia: inability to recall certain aspects of an event.
Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome
Published in Jenny Svanberg, Adrienne Withall, Brian Draper, Stephen Bowden, Alcohol and the Adult Brain, 2014
Scalzo Simon, Bowden Stephen, Hillbom Matti
However, it is imperative to note that these early and extensive psychological studies examined only a subset of patients with “typical” KS. In their first paper, Victor and colleagues noted that “the group of patients … represented about two-thirds of a larger sample of patients with Korsakoff's psychosis from which they were selected for being less damaged in their general cognitive functioning” (Victor, Talland and Collins, 1959, p. 530). The selection strategy was repeated for many subsequent studies (Talland, 1958, 1959, 1960a, 1960b; Talland and Ekdahl, 1959). In other words, a proportion of patients with KS had more severe or extensive cognitive impairment, but these patients were excluded from this study and many other studies because of a research focus on the selective amnesia (Bowden, 1990). Even within the selective sample, Victor, Talland and colleagues drew attention to the widespread cognitive deficits beyond memory dysfunction seen in KS.
Topic 11 Consultation Liaison Psychiatry
Published in Melvyn W.B. Zhang, Cyrus S.H. Ho, Roger C.M. Ho, Basant K. Puri, Get Through, 2016
Melvyn W.B. Zhang, Cyrus S.H. Ho, Roger C.M. Ho, Basant K. Puri
Examples of specific dissociative conditions include the following: Dissociative amnesia: Loss of memory of an important event is not due to organic disorder, fatigue or ordinary forgetfulness. Partial and selective amnesia is usually centred on traumatic events. The extent varies from day to day. A persistent core cannot be recalled when awake. Perplexity, distress or calm acceptance may accompany the amnesia. It begins and ends suddenly, following stress. It rarely lasts more than a couple of days, and recurrence is unusual. It is more common in young adults but rare in the elderly. Recovery is complete.Dissociative fugue: There are all the features of dissociative amnesia, plus an apparently purposeful journey away from home. A new identity may be assumed. It is precipitated by severe stress. There is amnesia for the duration of the fugue, but self-care and social interaction are maintained. It lasts for hours to days, but recovery is abrupt and complete.Dissociative stupor: The sufferer is noted to be stuporose with no evidence of a physical or other psychiatric cause. Onset is sudden and stress related. The person sits motionless for long periods, with speech and movement being absent. Muscle tone, posture, breathing and eye movements indicate that the individual is neither asleep nor unconscious.Dissociative disorders of movement and sensation: There is loss of movement or sensations, usually cutaneous, with no physical cause. Symptoms often reflect the person’s concept of disorder, which may be at variance with physiological or anatomical principles. The resulting disability helps the to escape conflict or express dependency or resentment indirectly. There is calm acceptance (la belle indifference) not common and not diagnostic. This is also seen in normal people facing serious illness. Premorbid personality and relationships are often abnormal.Dissociative convulsions: pseudo-seizures that mimic epileptic seizures, but tongue biting, serious bruising and incontinence of urine are uncommon. Loss of consciousness is absent or replaced by stupor or trance.
Psychometric Analysis of the Barber Suggestibility Scale in a Clinical Population
Published in American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 2018
Xavier Pellicer Asensio, Adela Fusté Escolano, José Ruiz Rodríguez
The suggestions (items) that showed the highest item-total correlation were the same for both subscales and corresponded to motor challenge suggestions, namely item 6 (body immobility), item 5 (verbal inhibition), and item 3 (hand lock). This result is consistent with the correlations observed within each subscale. By contrast, the highest between-subscale correlations involved cognitive suggestions, namely item 8 (selective amnesia) and item 7 (“post-hypnotic-like” response). In other words, the therapist and patient agreed more in their evaluation of the response to these cognitive suggestions than they did for the other kinds. At all events, the correlation between total subscale scores indicates that, in general, there was a high degree of agreement between therapist and patient ratings of the response to the various suggestions (r = 0.68, p < 0.001).