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Hypnosis and guided imagery
Published in Hilary McClafferty, Mind–Body Medicine in Clinical Practice, 2018
During hypnosis in those in the high hypnotizability group only, reduced activity was seen in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and posterior cingulate cortex. The dorsal anterior cingulate cortex is a central node in the salience network and has been correlated with attentional control—differentiating what should we pay attention to and what can be ignored. The decrease in dorsal anterior cingulate activity was linearly correlated with the individual’s feeling hypnotized while in the scanner, which indicates a selective reduction in activity in this region during hypnosis. This is consistent with a state of suspension of critical judgment and the ability to immerse oneself into a task. This state has also been associated with a will to persevere through challenges (Parvizi et al. 2013).
Psychological and neurobiological processes in coping with pain
Published in Philip N. Murphy, The Routledge International Handbook of Psychobiology, 2018
Charlotte Krahé, Aikaterini Fotopoulou
The second theoretical alternative to the “pain matrix” idea suggests that these brains areas may instead form part of a general neural “salience network” (see, e.g., Cauda et al., 2012; Garcia-Larrea & Peyron, 2013; Legrain et al., 2011; Medford & Critchley, 2010; Seeley et al., 2007). Salience has various definitions: it can refer to the ability of a stimulus to stand out from other stimuli, the novelty of a stimulus in relation to previous experience, or its threat value (see Legrain et al., 2011; Ronga, Valentini, Mouraux, & Iannetti, 2013). In the context of pain, a common core of these meanings is that salience describes the importance (its weighting in relation to other factors) of a stimulus for indicating potential or actual threat to the body (Legrain et al., 2011) and for influencing responses to such a stimulus accordingly (Garcia-Larrea & Peyron, 2013). Conceptualising the ACC and anterior insula as being part of a “salience network” may help us to understand why these areas are also involved in processing other interoceptive modalities and exteroceptive stimuli which provide information on threat to the body (Craig, 2009; Garcia-Larrea & Peyron, 2013; Medford & Critchley, 2010; Mouraux & Iannetti, 2009). In addition, this “salience network” may also integrate contextual factors from the (social) environment. For example, enhancing the threat value of impending noxious stimuli by telling participants the noxious stimulation might not be safe on certain parts of the skin led to more stimuli being classified as painful, and this integration of contextual information about stimulus salience was reflected by activity in the anterior insula (Wiech et al., 2010).
Astrocytes and Infra-Low Frequencies
Published in Hanno W. Kirk, Restoring the Brain, 2020
Cortical networks are highly active at all times, including during sleep and anesthesia. The default mode network is most active during rest and self-referential tasks including mind wandering, self-judgments, empathy, and envisioning our future. This network deactivates when outward directed attention is needed, in which case task-positive networks, including the dorsal attention and central executive network, engage. A salience network mediates among these networks. Our primary target in Infra-Low Frequency Neurofeedback is usually the Default Mode Network, as all cognition, all coordinated network action and response systems, work in relation to this grouping. Our default network includes the medial prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, lateral and medial temporal lobes, and posterior inferior parietal lobule; when it is active, we are at rest, and when other networks, like dorsal attention or central executive, are active, we are at work.64,65,66,67 Infra-low frequency training typically target regions of the Default Mode, Central Executive, and related networks accessible in surface EEG. One form of neurotherapy that adjusts astrocytic networks with faster frequencies is known as Default Network Training (DNT), which relies on conventional EEG band activity (e.g., alpha, beta) to induce healthy cerebral plasticity. DNT complements and is often combined with ILF training, to great effect on a variety of symptoms and disorders by addressing regulatory activity and connectivity inherent to maturation. Whereas neurofeedback in the corticolimbic rhythm (conventional) range of EEG frequencies (1–100 Hz) engages neuronal assemblies in all of their complexity, Infra-Low Frequency Neurofeedback simplifies the focus to regulatory dynamics, astrocytic mechanisms with a minimum of other influences, the current best explanation for why the brain is able to accomplish so much reorganization on the basis of so little information. This allows the neurotherapist to shape and improve astrocytic networks non-invasively toward patterns of well- being and mental health.
Journeying to Ixtlan: Ethics of Psychedelic Medicine and Research for Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Dementias
Published in AJOB Neuroscience, 2023
Andrew Peterson, Emily A. Largent, Holly Fernandez Lynch, Jason Karlawish, Dominic Sisti
A second line of psychedelic research for persons living with AD/ADRD aims to intervene on the disease mechanism. Neuroimaging studies demonstrate that psychedelics induce plasticity changes at the neuronal level, which could counteract some disease processes (Carhart-Harris et al. 2014). Psychedelics, for instance, have been shown to modulate two intrinsic cortical networks associated with AD/ADRD pathology: the default mode and salience networks (Badhwar et al. 2017). Impaired deactivation of the default mode network in older adults with or without AD/ADRD is linked to amyloid accumulation (Palop and Mucke 2016). Alterations in the salience network are linked to neuropsychiatric symptoms (Balthazar et al. 2014). Researchers hypothesize that psychedelic-induced neuroplasticity could mitigate network abnormalities in these and other neurodegenerative diseases (Vann Jones and O’Kelly 2020).
Social dysfunction is transdiagnostically associated with default mode network dysconnectivity in schizophrenia and Alzheimer’s disease
Published in The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 2022
Ilja M. J. Saris, Moji Aghajani, Lianne M. Reus, Pieter-Jelle Visser, Yolande Pijnenburg, Nic J. A. van der Wee, Amy C. Bilderbeck, Andreea Raslescu, Asad Malik, Maarten Mennes, Sanne Koops, Celso Arrango, Jose Luis Ayuso-Mateos, Gerard R. Dawson, Hugh Marston, Martien J. Kas, Brenda W. J. H. Penninx
Post hoc analyses assessed whether brain-social behaviour relationships documented here are specific to the DMN. We therefore reran our dimensional brain-social dysfunction analyses, though now focussing on two other canonical brain networks often implicated in neuropsychiatric disorders: The Salience Network (SN; serves saliency mapping) and the Central Executive Network (CEN; governs executive functions & behavioural control). The influential triple network model of psychopathology posits that functional disorganisation within the DMN and these two networks collectively spur susceptibility for maladaptive social behaviour and mental disorders, including SZ and AD (Menon 2011). The SN and CEN were part of our 20 network MELODIC-ICA solution (see Methods), which automatically split up the CEN into a right- and left-lateralized network assembly. GLM modelling and analytical sequence proceeded exactly as described for the DMN-social dysfunction analyses, though statistical inferences were additionally Bonferroni corrected for N networks to control for multiple testing (TFCE & FWE; P 0.05/3=0.017). No significant link between social dysfunction and SN or CEN connectivity emerged though (P’s>0.05), indicating that the brain-behaviour relationships reported here are specific to DMN.
Personalising transcranial magnetic stimulation for depression using neuroimaging: A systematic review
Published in The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 2021
Anish Modak, Paul B. Fitzgerald
In contrast, individual-level fMRI, PET and SPECT data has also been used to target hypometabolic prefrontal areas. Findings from these studies suggest this method produces antidepressant responses but we cannot conclude whether this is a superior approach to non personalised treatment. This approach has been based upon the longstanding idea that prefrontal hypoactivity is central in the pathophysiology of depression, and that excitatory forms of TMS can correct this localised abnormality. However, a more modern conceptualisation of depression recognises the role of complex, distributed neural networks. Constraining treatment to the hypometabolic prefrontal area may not take into consideration the effects of TMS distal to the treatment site via these neural networks. Functional or effective connectivity analyses of individual fMRI data, in conjunction with TMS, can be used to modulate network activity by prospectively guiding the treatment target to specific nodes in a network. This methodology has the benefit of using individualised resting-state functional connectivity maps, that take into account inter-individual differences in neural networks. This approach has been effectively used to treat depression by modulating the Salience Network, via the targeting of the dlPFC-anterior insula pathway (Iwabuchi et al. 2019), or the Dorsal Attention and Default Mode Networks (Siddiqi et al. 2019). Other studies have targeted the dlPFC-ACC pathway (Williams et al. 2018; Poydasheva et al. 2019; Cole et al. 2020). Future research should replicate these interesting methodologies, and establish the optimal network targets.