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Biological and genetic factors in DCD
Published in Anna L. Barnett, Elisabeth L. Hill, Understanding Motor Behaviour in Developmental Coordination Disorder, 2019
Melissa K. Licari, Daniela Rigoli, Jan P. Piek
Several studies have identified a link between specific language impairment (SLI) and DCD (Archibald & Alloway, 2008; Hill, 2001). A recent study by Flapper and Schoemaker (2013) diagnosed DCD in over 32% of children with SLI. Those children with the more severe motor difficulties were more likely to have problems with receptive (75%) or receptive-expressive (88%) subtypes compared with the expressive subtype (44%). Other learning difficulties have been identified in children with DCD, such as spelling, writing and reading (Dewey, Kaplan, Crawford, & Wilson, 2002; Tseng, Howe, Chuang, & Hsieh, 2007), and arithmetic and working memory (Alloway, 2007). Furthermore, Rigoli, Piek, Kane, and Oosterlaan (2012) found a relationship between aiming and catching skills, working memory and academic achievement (reading, spelling and numerical operations) in adolescents.
The outcome of speech and language impairment
Published in James Law, Alison Parkinson, Rashmin Tamhne, David Hall, Communication Difficulties in Childhood, 2017
The specific outcomes described are taken from a study of 156 children diagnosed as having a specific language impairment (SLI) attending a special school for language impaired children between 1974 and 1987.8 In that study, possible causative or associated factors – birth history, familial factors, middle-ear problems, social environment, motor development, auditory processing, cognitive ability and neurological correlates – were extracted from the school records and these were compared for nine subgroups of SLI children. The subgroups of this nominally homogeneous group of children were based on the degree and balance of their disabilities in the three linguistic areas of comprehension, expression and speech. The final achievements (at school-leaving age 13) were considered in the light of the factors listed above, and the nature of their language profile. An additional follow-up study of 34 ex-pupils who had reached the age of 18–22 years was included to allow some consideration of their continuing language status and also of the effects of early language handicap on career and social life.
Kanamycin
Published in M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson, Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
Karen Urbancic, M. Lindsay Grayson
A meta-analysis to assess the diagnostic accuracy of a line probe assay (LPA) in detecting second-line drug resistance in TB strains compared with phenotypic susceptibility testing reported relatively low sensitivity (44%) for detecting kanamycin resistance compared with amikacin and capreomycin resistance (both approximately 82%), although it was highly specific (99%) (Feng et al., 2013). However, this discordance in the detection of SLI resistance may be because the test does not sequence mutations in the eis promoter region previously reported to be associated with kanamycin resistance (Georghiou et al., 2012; Zaunbrecher et al., 2009). A Cochrane review also reported on the diagnostic accuracy of the same LPA in correlating resistance to second-line agents in XDR-TB (Theron et al., 2014). For kanamycin resistance, the pooled sensitivity was 66.9%, with 98.6% specificity, suggesting that this LPA will not detect one in three cases of kanamycin resistance. This was substantially higher than the sensitivity rates previously reported (Feng et al., 2013).
Evaluation of elements in hair samples of children with developmental language disorder (DLD)
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2023
Ayat Bani Rashaid, Mazin Alqhazo, Dianne F. Newbury, Heba Kanaan, Mohammad El-khateeb, Ahmad Abukashabeh, Feda Al-Tamimi
Despite wide-ranging research, the causes of DLD/SLI remain unknown. The disorder tends to run in families, where it co-occurs with other neurodevelopmental disorders such as dyslexia and ADHD [12,13]. Language ability and language disorders, particularly those that affect speech production, are both reported to have a significant heritable component [14], but there are also significant shared environmental effects, particularly at very young ages [15]. Most genetic investigations conclude that, in the majority of cases, DLD is a complex disorder involving complex interactions between many risk factors, both genetic and environmental. It is a heterogeneous disorder that have no apparent motoric etiology and includes deficits in both expressive language (e.g. grammar, syntax, and semantics) as well as receptive language. This heterogeneity of DLD obstructs accurate evaluation, effective treatment protocols, and causes problems in the identification of causal factors. [16].
Contributions of early motor deficits in predicting language outcomes among preschoolers with developmental language disorder
Published in International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 2022
Leah Sack, Christine Dollaghan, Lisa Goffman
Traditionally, SLI is defined based on exclusionary criteria—that is, as a significant deficit in language, not explained by cognitive, perceptual, motor, socioemotional, or experiential deficits (Leonard, 2014; Rice, Wexler, & Cleave, 1995). Research and clinical efforts have emphasised the overt morphosyntactic deficits characteristic of children with DLD, and accordingly, DLD is often identified in the late pre-school years based on language assessments related to morphosyntax (e.g. Leonard, 2014). Importantly, however, norm-referenced language tests and language sample analyses are poor predictors of later language outcomes in individual children, limiting the accurate diagnosis of DLD among preschoolers (e.g. Rudolph, Dollaghan, & Crotteau, 2019). Furthermore, children with DLD exhibit weaknesses in areas beyond morphosyntax, such as speech-sound accuracy and organisation (e.g. Alt, Plante, & Creusere, 2004; Benham, Goffman, & Schweickert, 2018) and fine/gross motor skill (e.g. Hill, 2001; Hsu & Bishop, 2014; Vuolo, Goffman, & Zelaznik, 2017).
Treatment intensity for developmental language disorder: A systematic review
Published in International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 2021
Hugo Segura-Pujol, César Briones-Rojas
Plante et al. (2014) conducted a study with a sample group of 18 preschoolers diagnosed with SLI (mean age: 61 months). The participants were exposed to two conditions for the treatment of: tensed morphemes, the auxiliary verb “is”, and personal pronouns. Treatment consisted of listening to 12 (low variability) or 24 (high variability) unique verbs during recast tasks over 6 weeks, this was a way of manipulating treatment dose form. Plante and collaborators reported that the children in the low variability group demonstrated no significant changes, whereas the high variability group showed much greater changes (Cohen’s d = 1.92). While the authors did not state the limitations of the study, variability in the treatment response was declared important. This factor is person-dependent, and while most confounding variables were controlled for, treatment response can result in differences, especially when sample sizes are limited.