China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Motor Aspects of Lateralization: Evidence for Evaluation of the Hypotheses of Chapter 8
Published in Robert Miller, Axonal Conduction Time and Human Cerebral Laterality, 2019
Four types of apraxia have been recognised (De Ajuriaguerra and Tissot, 1969; Hecaen, 1969; Brown, 1974; Heilman and Rothi, 1985): Ideomotor and ideational apraxias were in Liepmann’s original description. Limb-kinetic and constructional apraxia were added by Kleist (1934).
Neurological issues
Published in Andrea Utley, Motor Control, Learning and Development, 2018
The motor cortex can be regarded as a keyboard where each key represents a different area of the body. The keyboard is played by adjacent parts of the frontal lobe, particularly the supplementary motor area and the premotor cortex. Each of these structures is intimately involved in the production and control of skilled movement. The planning of complex behavior probably occurs in the prefrontal cortex; then the premotor cortex, along with the supplementary motor area, receive sensory information from the parietal and temporal lobes. So, at the simplest level, the parietal and temporal lobes analyze sensory information, the prefrontal cortex and supplementary area decide what action (behavior) is to be taken, and then the motor cortex executes the instructions. Damage to the cerebral cortex can result in apraxia. Apraxia is characterized by inability to perform a skilled or learned act that cannot be explained by an elementary motor or sensory deficit or language-comprehension disorder, despite having the desire and the physical ability to perform the act (Zadikoff and Lang 2005). Other research has shown that damage to the left or right hemispheres results in differing motor impairment. Steenbergen et al. (2004) found that subjects with left brain damage have difficulties with planning a task. Similarly, Haaland (2006) demonstrated that left frontoparietal circuits control limb praxis and motor sequencing.
Rehabilitation of Apraxia in Adults and Children
Published in Barbara A. Wilson, Jill Winegardner, Caroline M. van Heugten, Tamara Ownsworth, Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 2017
Caroline M. van Heugten, Chantal Geusgens
Although no single taxonomy or classification of different forms of apraxia exists, two forms are usually reported as the most typical and most studied forms of apraxia: ideational and ideomotor apraxia (van Heugten, 2002). A patient with ideational apraxia does not know what to do because the idea or concept of the motor act is lacking. The sorts of errors observed in ideational apraxia are behavioural omissions, mislocation or misuse of objects or sequence mistakes. In ideomotor apraxia the idea or plan of action is not impaired (i.e. the patient knows what to do) but the implementation into a proper action is disturbed (i.e. the patient does not know how to do it). The patient may use body parts as objects, show spatial orientation problems, use inappropriate hand postures, or show perseverative and content errors. The most striking error is making mistakes when performing an action on command but performing the same action correctly in a natural setting.
Posterior cortical atrophy: clinical, neuroimaging, and neuropathological features
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2023
John Best, Marianne Chapleau, Gil D. Rabinovici
A directed history is very important as patients frequently experience misdiagnosis or late diagnosis. Many of the symptoms are perceptual in nature, and therefore may not have been noted by loved ones or coworkers. This is in contrast to disorders with deficits of memory, expressive language or organization and planning. There is emerging evidence of the language deficits in PCA given the proximity to a number of language network hubs and connections, though language symptoms are not presently a part of the core criteria in PCA. While constructional deficits such as impaired drawing or building of 3-dimensional objects are frequently noted during evaluation, this is a less common complaint in individuals with PCA. A number of apraxias (inability to perform particular purposive actions) can develop in PCA. A commonly described symptom is dressing apraxia, which can include putting clothes on backwards or inside out, difficulty finding the holes for arms or legs, and more fine motor tasks such as tying laces, buttoning, or zipping. Use of technology such as computers is frequently impaired. Patients can also develop difficulty with simple calculations and may make frequent errors in managing finances. Patients may describe a nonspecific progressive anxiety, which is frequently an early symptom of Alzheimer’s disease [30].
Treating limb apraxia via action semantics: a preliminary study
Published in Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 2021
Harrison Stoll, Matthieu M. de Wit, Erica L. Middleton, Laurel J. Buxbaum
Limb apraxia (hereafter “apraxia”) is a common disorder of skilled action. It is evident in approximately 50% of patients with left hemisphere cerebral vascular accident (LCVA), and also occurs in different forms in Alzheimer’s disease and corticobasal degeneration (Buxbaum et al., 2008; Zwinkels et al., 2004). Research has identified a number of deficits associated with apraxia including, but not limited to, spatio-temporal errors in the imitation of both meaningful and meaningless movements (Buxbaum et al., 2014; Goldenberg, 1995, 2009) as well as deficits in real and pantomimed tool use (Gonzalez Rothi et al., 1991; Hermsdörfer et al., 2013; Watson & Buxbaum, 2015), and in semantic action knowledge (Kalénine et al., 2010; Lee et al., 2014; Tarhan et al., 2015). For example, Kalénine and colleagues demonstrated that some individuals with apraxia after LCVA make errors in identifying which of two gestures matches a semantically meaningful label (e.g., the verb “sawing”). Importantly, these deficits can occur even when individuals with apraxia exhibit unimpaired low-level motor control and strength.
Body representation in people with apraxia post Stroke– an observational study
Published in Brain Injury, 2021
Donncha Lane, Alessia Tessari, Giovanni Ottoboni, Jonathan Marsden
This is the first time to our knowledge that both online and offline body representations have been investigated in people with apraxia defined using a standardized test. Results demonstrated that online body representation is impaired in people with apraxia due to brain damage. This may be an important link in explaining the breakdown of gesture production in patients with apraxia. Together with previous studies using either similar or different paradigms to test the role of body schema in generating apraxic deficit (e.g (34,35,53).), the present study further suggests that such a body representation may be impaired in this group of patients. Body representation testing may be therefore implemented in the routine for assessing apraxia and be implemented in models of apraxia (15,69–71). This implementation would really help to inform the development of interventions and future research studies could target body schema deficits as an adjunct in the rehabilitation of apraxia.