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Clinical and Medical Management of Conditions Caused by MDMA or ‘Ecstasy’
Published in Ornella Corazza, Andres Roman-Urrestarazu, Handbook of Novel Psychoactive Substances, 2018
The first chronic deficits to be empirically described in recreational Ecstasy/MDMA users were problems with memory (McCann and Ricaurte, 1991; Krystal et al., 1992). Performance deficits on standard cognitive tests of memory were subsequently confirmed in the first cohort studies, with impairments in immediate and delayed word recall (Parrott et al., 1998) and impaired prose recall (Morgan, 1999). An early review of 20 published studies found deficits with many different memory tasks (Parrott, 2001). A later meta-analysis reported moderate to large ‘effect sizes’ for different types of memory deficit, including short-term and long-term verbal memory (Laws & Kokkalis, 2007). Another comprehensive review noted that the retrospective memory deficits of abstinent Ecstasy users were significant in comparison with both non-user controls and polydrug user controls (Rogers et al., 2009). The complex mixture of deficits on some cognitive tasks and normal performance with other cognitive functions has been noted in many papers and reviews (McCann et al., 1999; Parrott, 2001, 2006, 2013a, 2013b; Burgess et al., 2011; Rogers et al., 2009; McCann & Ricaurte, 2014; Roberts et al., 2017). Many of the neurocognitive and related problems of MDMA users are also similar in some ways to those caused by other recreational drugs, such as amphetamine or cocaine (Table 15.3; Parrott et al., 2011). So that while retrospective memory deficits are found in ‘relatively pure’ MDMA users, the memory problems may be worsened by additional drug usage (Mohamed et al., 2011; Wunderli et al., 2017).
Using Technology to Overcome Impairments of Mental Functions
Published in Barbara A. Wilson, Jill Winegardner, Caroline M. van Heugten, Tamara Ownsworth, Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 2017
Brian O'Neill, Matthew Jamieson, Rachel Goodwin
Memory functions are employed when registering, storing and retrieving information. In this section we address supports for retrospective memory and, in the section on higher-level cognitive functions, prospective memory.
Neuropsychological interventions following traumatic brain injury
Published in Mark J. Ashley, David A. Hovda, Traumatic Brain Injury, 2017
Jason W. Krellman, Theodore Tsaousides, Wayne A. Gordon
Prospective memory refers to the ability to remember to carry out a certain action at a specified time in the future or in response to a specific future event.89 This is vital to maintaining successful performance in work, social, and daily living situations, but prospective memory failures tend to outnumber retrospective memory failures (inability to recall previous actions or information) in individuals with TBI.89 Consequently, considerable efforts have been made in the last decade to develop cognitive rehabilitation interventions to enhance prospective memory. Einstein and McDaniel90 identify two components to prospective memory: 1) remembering what actions are to be carried out and the cue for implementing the action and 2) recall and initiation of the action at a given time following the cue. Prospective memory has been enhanced significantly with the use of technology-based tools, such as smartphones, which can be programmed to provide portable cues and reminders that are visual and/or audible, but challenges, such as training individuals to use the technology and ensuring consistent use, remain.20,28,78–80,91,92
The impact of using implementation intentions as task instructions on prospective memory performance after stroke
Published in Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 2023
Christy Hogan, Jennifer Fleming, Petrea Cornwell, David H. K. Shum
Impairments in general memory function are commonly self-reported after stroke and by family (de Haan et al., 2006; Kalashnikova et al., 2005). However, most studies have investigated retrospective memory (RM), memory for past events, rather than PM. In a scoping review (Hogan et al., 2016), we found that the previous literature is limited and reports mixed results, dependent on the measure used. Nevertheless, the overall findings suggest impairments in PM post-stroke, particularly for time-based PM (i.e., when an action must be completed at a certain time or after a certain amount of time has passed). Rehabilitative intervention can benefit memory, especially when focused on strategy training which compensates for deficits (Elliott & Parente, 2014). The rehabilitation literature on PM also has mixed results, with improvements dependent on time post-stroke and an individual's ability or interest in technology (Hogan et al., 2016).
Prospective Memory Training for Healthy Older Adults: A Systematic Review
Published in Clinical Gerontologist, 2022
Alex Pak Lik Tsang, Alma Au, Herman Hay Ming Lo
Research on human memory was focused primarily on retrospective memory until the 1990s, when a growing interest rapidly arose on another important construct – prospective memory (PM). Approximately 350 research articles have been published on prospective memory since then (Kliegel, McDaniel, & Einstein, 2008). Prospective memory refers to the ability to realize an intention at some point in the future (Einstein & McDaniel, 1990), and it can be further categorized into event-based (EBPM) prospective memory and time-based prospective memory (TBPM) (Einstein, McDaniel, Richardson, Guynn, & Cunfer, 1995). Specifically, EBPM refers to memories that are triggered by an external cue (e.g., remembering to pick up groceries when passing by a store), and TBPM refers to tasks that are triggered at or after a specific time (e.g., remembering to attend a meeting at 10:00 a.m.).
MindMate: A single case experimental design study of a reminder system for people with dementia
Published in Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 2021
Claire McGoldrick, Stephanie Crawford, Jonathan J. Evans
Prospective memory (PM) refers to the ability to remember to do something in the future (McDaniel & Einstein, 2011) and is often impaired in people with dementia. PM tasks include remembering to attend an appointment, take medication, and turn off the oven after cooking. PM relies upon various cognitive functions, including executive functioning, working memory, attention and long-term memory (Einstein & McDaniel, 1990); therefore, it is unsurprising that individuals with dementia experience difficulties with PM tasks. Indeed, it has long been established that prospective memory is vulnerable even in the early stages of dementia (Huppert & Beardsall, 1993), and is affected in a range of different forms of dementia including Alzheimer’s disease and frontotemporal dementia (Dermody, Hornberger, Piguet, Hodges, & Irish, 2016) and vascular dementia (Livner, Jonsson-Laukka, Karlsson, & Backman, 2009). PM is highly important for maintaining functional independence (Chasteen, Park, & Schwarz, 2001). Failure to complete an intended action can negatively impact activities of daily living and have serious health consequences (Spíndola & Brucki, 2011). Furthermore, carers of individuals with dementia report failures in PM as more burdensome than retrospective memory failures (i.e., the ability to recall past events or information) (Smith, Del Sala, Logie, & Maylor, 2000).