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Prospective Memory and Medicine Taking
Published in Lynn B. Myers, Kenny Midence, Adherence to Treatment in Medical Conditions, 2020
A recent distinction in the prospective memory literature concerns the basic character of a retrieval criterion; whether it is time-based or event-based (Einstein and McDaniel, 1990). The former would be an instruction to take medication at a particular time or during a time period while an event-based equivalent would be to do this at a meal or at a particular meal. It has been suggested that recognition of event-based criteria is less attentional demanding and supported by the external cue that the event provides for recognition (e.g. Einstein and McDaniel, 1996). It should be noted that most of the studies reviewed here employed event-based criteria. However, in their everyday lives people often recode a time-based criterion into an event-based one (choosing an event that typically occurs at that time or in that time period, cf. planning discussion above). Moreover, they often increase the effectiveness of this recoding by selecting a routine daily event (Maylor, 1990). Interestingly, this strategy may be difficult to adopt if a medication has to be taken several times a day as it might prove difficult to find evenly spaced routine events and this, as Park and Kidder (1996) have suggested, may explain the recent finding of poor adherence with a high (4 times a day) daily dosage (Kruse et al., 1991).
Clinical and Medical Management of Conditions Caused by MDMA or ‘Ecstasy’
Published in Ornella Corazza, Andres Roman-Urrestarazu, Handbook of Novel Psychoactive Substances, 2018
Another key type of memory is prospective memory, for instance, remembering to meet someone at a prearranged time and place—in the future. This more complex aspect of memory involves cognitive and temporal planning and seems even more sensitive to the damaging effects of recreational Ecstasy/MDMA (Parrott, 2013a, 2013b). The first report of prospective memory deficits (Hefferman et al., 2001) has been confirmed using a wide variety of task paradigms (review: Parrott, 2013b). The extent of these deficits increases with greater lifetime usage (Rendell et al., 2007), and many recreational Ecstasy/MDMA users report problems with their prospective memory ability (Rodgers et al., 2003). One study employed a virtual reality task that modelled the multiple daily tasks of an office worker; the significant deficits of the Ecstasy users were attributed to problems in memory and task organization (Montgomery et al., 2010). Simple problem-solving skills are also impaired in drug-free MDMA users (review: Parrott, 2013b). Fox et al. (2001) found that performance on a problem-solving task was 250% slower in heavy users, with light and moderate users being cognitively impaired to lesser extents. With the Cambridge Neurocognitive Test Battery (CANTAB), the cognitive profiles of drug-free Ecstasy/MDMA users were found to be similar to those of clinical patients with brain damage to the temporal lobes (Fox et al., 2002). Deficits have been found in a wide range of higher cognitive tasks, and they are accompanied by significant reductions in social intelligence (Reay, Hamilton, Kennedy, & Scholey, 2006).
Cognitive Aging
Published in Rachael E. Docking, Jennifer Stock, International Handbook of Positive Aging, 2017
Nelson A. Roque, Walter R. Boot
Prospective memory refers to remembering to complete some intention in the future. For example, you may need to remember to take a medication this evening with dinner, or you may need to remember to leave by 1pm for a doctor’s appointment to be there on time. In a meta-analysis of prospective memory studies, it was found that on laboratory tasks of both time-based prospective memory (remembering to perform a task at a specific time) and event-based prospective memory (remembering to perform a task after a specific event), younger adults outperformed older adults. However, with more naturalistic tasks, older adults may show an advantage compared to younger adults (Henry et al., 2004).
The impact of using implementation intentions as task instructions on prospective memory performance after stroke
Published in Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 2023
Christy Hogan, Jennifer Fleming, Petrea Cornwell, David H. K. Shum
The rehabilitation literature focusing on PM after stroke is limited and the findings are mixed. Single-case experimental designs limit the generalization of results to wider populations. In addition, research investigating technological devices indicate results are often dependent on an individual's preference and technological experience (Kim et al., 2000). Other approaches like Prospective Memory Training (Sohlberg et al., 1992) and memory skills training (Withiel, Stolwyk, et al., 2020) have promising preliminary results. However, training is often intensive and requires a large time commitment from both the client and therapist. While the previous research is limited, it offers a broad direction for future research and outlines that further rehabilitation techniques need to be developed and evaluated with larger samples to determine whether PM can be improved after stroke. In addition, PM should be assessed with objective measures, rather than relying solely on self-report measures. Simple strategies that are easy to learn and can be easily transferred to everyday situations should be examined.
Effectiveness of a Visual Imagery Training Program to Improve Prospective Memory in Older Adults with and without Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Randomized Controlled Study
Published in Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 2022
Ariane Lajeunesse, Marie-Julie Potvin, Véronique Labelle, Marie-Joëlle Chasles, Marie-Jeanne Kergoat, Juan Manuel Villalpando, Sven Joubert, Isabelle Rouleau
Questionnaires included an adapted French version of the Comprehensive Assessment of Prospective Memory (CAPM- Chau et al., 2007; Potvin, Rouleau, Audy, et al., 2011). The CAPM is a self-reported questionnaire assessing frequency and perceived impact of PM failures in daily living. The CAPM was completed by the participant and a close relative. The evaluation also included the Geriatric Depression Scale (Yesavage et al., 2000), a visual imagery habits and skills questionnaire (Paivio & Harshman, 1983), and an adapted version of the Motivation for Traumatic Brain Injury Rehabilitation Questionnaire (MOT-Q; Chervinsky et al., 1998; Potvin, Rouleau, Sénéchal, et al., 2011). Some questions on the MOT-Q were adapted to better reflect the reality of people with a neurodegenerative condition such as MCI. The visual imagery abilities questionnaire and the MOT-Q were only completed at the pretest session.
Prospective Memory Training for Healthy Older Adults: A Systematic Review
Published in Clinical Gerontologist, 2022
Alex Pak Lik Tsang, Alma Au, Herman Hay Ming Lo
Working from available evidence, mental imagery and the use of external aids can be useful strategy-based approaches to facilitate prospective memory for older adults. Given the multiphased nature of PM, targeting multiple phases may hold significant promise for enhancing transfers from training into everyday PM needs. Due to the limited number of existing studies, however, no definitive conclusions can be drawn currently on the effectiveness of process-based training. Whereas the use of computer simulations may appear to be an intuitive process-based approach, the technique awaits further evidence to support its effectiveness. Although the advantages of both strategy-based and process-based training approaches may make it logical to assume a larger PM gain for combined training (Hering et al., 2014), it is impossible to confirm or reject this notion on the basis of current evidence. Perhaps this unanswered question can be addressed in future reviews, after more PM training has been conducted with process-based or combined approaches.