China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Cholecystokinin and Neuroendocrine Secretion
Published in Craig A. Johnston, Charles D. Barnes, Brain-Gut Peptides and Reproductive Function, 2020
Joseph G. Verbalis, Edward M. Stricker
Neuroanatomical studies employing immunohistochemical staining techniques in combination with retrograde tracing methods have provided neuroscientists with detailed maps showing where peptidergic neurons are localized and to what areas they project. However, such mapping is static in nature and cannot identify the subsets of neurons activated by specific physiological or pharmacological stimuli. Functional mapping of pathways activated by specific treatments would clearly represent a major advance in understanding the mechanisms responsible for the effects produced by administration of peptides such as CCK, and would be particularly useful for studying the CCK connectivity with the PVN, given the structural complexity of this region (Swanson and Sawchenko, 1983).
Viscerosensory Processing in Nucleus Tractus Solitarii: Structural and Neurochemical Substrates
Published in I. Robin A. Barraco, Nucleus of the Solitary Tract, 2019
D.A. Ruggiero, V.M. Pickel, T.A. Milner, M. Anwar, K. Otake, E.P. Mtui, D. Park
Afferents to the NTS were identified with retrograde tracing methods. The data illustrated in Figure 1 were obtained from an animal in which a 10-n1 injection of 2% wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase conjugate (WGA-HRP) was centered in NTS. The central core of the tetra-methylbenzidine (TMB) deposit is thought to represent the effective uptake site and involved dorsal and medial loci in the commissural division with spread to medial parts of DMX and nucleus gracilis.
From Motivation to Action: A Review of Dopaminergic Regulation of Limbic → Nucleus Accumbens → Ventral Pallidum → Pedunculopontine Nucleus Circuitries Involved in Limbic-Motor Integration
Published in Peter W. Kalivas, Charles D. Barnes, Limbic Motor Circuits and Neuropsychiatry, 2019
Gordon J. Mogenson, Stefan M. Brudzynski, Michael Wu, Charles R. Yang, Conrad C.Y. Yim
The number of MD neurons inhibited by stimulation of the subpallidal area is slightly exceeded by the number of neurons inhibited by stimulation of the subcommissural ventral pallidum (95% versus 85%). This is noteworthy since substantially fewer subpallidal neurons than ventral pallidal neurons were activated antidromically by MD stimulation (Figure 13). This observation is supported by a retrograde tracing study using horseradish peroxidase injected into the MD. More labeled neurons were found in the ventral pallidum than in the sublenticular subpallidal area,199 suggesting that inhibitory ventral pallidal → MD pathway is likely to be monosynaptic while most of the inhibitory responses of MD neurons to stimulation of the sublenticular subpallidal area may be polysynaptic.
Effect of Vagotomy and Sympathectomy on the Feeding Responses Evoked by Intra-Aortic Cholecystokinin-8 in Adult Male Sprague Dawley Rats
Published in Endocrine Research, 2021
Thaer R. Mhalhal, Martha C. Washington, John C. Heath, Ayman I. Sayegh
In addition to severing a reasonable length of the nerves and ligation of each end to prevent possible post-surgical regeneration, the VGX and CMGX procedures were verified by measuring MS and IMI in response to 10 nmol/kg sulfated CCK-8 (Bachem, CA, USA) ip. Unlike sham rats, CCK-8 failed to reduce the first MS in the VGX group and prolong the IMI in the VGX and CMGX rats. In addition, at the end of the experiment necropsy was performed on all animals and the stomach size was increased significantly in the VGX group compared to the sham-operated group and both groups showed minimum adhesion formation post-surgically. Retrograde tracing was not performed to confirm VGX. The removed ganglia from the CMGX group were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and examined under light microscopy.
Novel method for restoration of anorectal function following spinal cord injury via nerve transfer in rats
Published in The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine, 2020
Bingbo Bao, Kai Fu, Xianyou Zheng, Haifeng Wei, Pengbo Luo, Hongyi Zhu, Xiaozhong Zhu, Xingwei Li, Tao Gao
In the present study, we aimed to determine whether the anatomical integrity of this newly constructed defecation reflex arc in laminectomized rats would be demonstrable through functional and anatomical experiments. To do this, we used PRV retrograde tracing, Toluidine Blue staining, electron microscopy, and anorectal pressure measurements. Electrical stimulation of the proximal anastomosis produced anorectal systolic and diastolic activity comparable to stimulation of sites located between the anastomosis and L5/S1 nerve roots, indicating that some axons passed through the anastomosis and made contact with the anorectal nerve. This led to partial recovery of anorectal function. Injection of the retrograde tracer PRV into anorectal muscles labeled neurons in the proximal anastomosis, indicating that the somatic nerve fibers of L5 roots grew into the myelin sheath of the parasympathetic nerve fibers of S1 roots through the anastomosis and established a new, alternative nerve connection with its target organ.
Multiple retrograde tracing methods compatible with 3DISCO clearing
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2019
Shuai Han, Dongdong Li, Yuhui Kou, Zhongguo Fu, Xiaofeng Yin
Exploring the anatomical distribution of various categories of neurons in the central nervous system are the basis of researches in neural circuit and neurologic disease. Our method can be used in studying the positional relation of different motor neuron pools corresponding to the specific muscle and exploring the microcircuit in spinal cord. Imaging the intact spinal cord with optical clearing method is easier to perform and provides more precise quantification of neurons. Furthermore, multiple retrograde tracing from muscles to spinal cord allows the distribution analysis of different motor neuron pools.