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Rapport and the Therapeutic Alliance
Published in Rubin Battino, Using Guided Imagery and Hypnosis in Brief Therapy and Palliative Care, 2020
Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP) has made major contributions to the use of language in psychotherapy (Bandler & Grinder, 1975; Grinder & Bandler, 1976). One of them has to do with representational systems. We function in the world in terms of language, both externally and internally. Although there is some skepticism about this, I have found that it is useful to believe that people have a preferred way of speaking, i.e., using words that are primarily visual, auditory, or kinesthetic (body sensations). You can practice listening for this in groups or with individuals or on media. Here are a few examples of each (and some unspecified words): Visual: see, picture, clear, visual, focus, eye, look, view, draw, appear, show, and foggyAuditory: say, tone feedback, tune, sounds good, talk, hear, shout, rhythm, rings a bell, sounds like, said, and spokenKinesthetic: handle, firm, force, build, grasp, reach, touch, solid, feel, hold, go around, fluid, grind, nail down, and concreteUnspecified: think, sense, judge, assume, allows, learn, motivate, thought, discover, agree, believe, decide, guess, use, allow, know, and understand.
Checkpoint 1 (Connecting): rapport-building skills
Published in Roger Neighbour, The Inner Consultation, 2018
You now have everything it takes to achieve a rapport with your patients, even the ones you don’t initially warm to. You know how important the opening moments of the consultation are, and how much information is there for the taking.You know about curtain-raisers and opening gambits, and how important it is not to interrupt or distort them.You know how to listen between the lines of what the patient says, and catch the things that aren’t said.You know about the three Representational Systems, Visual, Auditory and Kinaesthetic, and people’s preferences for one or other of them.You know how to notice speech predicates, the use of imagery and metaphor, and the eye movement cues that tell you which Representational System the patient is using.You can recognise a good range of visual, auditory and kinaesthetic minimal cues.And you know how to recognise speech censoring, internal search, and an acceptance set.
Building the relationship
Published in Lewis Walker, Ian McDermott, John Duncan, Consulting with NLP, 2017
At this level we are seeking to develop our ability to match the thinking patterns and strategies as patients deliver their stories. We have already considered one area, namely meta-programs. However, even more basic than that are predicates, which are the visual, auditory and kinaesthetic words used in the telling of the tale. These are called representational systems, because they represent our senses. As you listen to people talking, you will notice how they may describe similar events in different systems.
Breaking Bars: Community-Based Art Therapy Mural Project
Published in Art Therapy, 2020
The young people’s statement uncovered significant personal meaning captured in the poststructuralist critique of representation (Owens, 1992). Roundtable discussions during the project confirmed how representational systems in culture constrained them. They expressed frustration at being defined by media representations of young people living in an apocalyptic concrete jungle. They selected specific phrases and visual imagery (Figure 5) to reinforce this representation and then used it to challenge its authority. In the second paragraph, they defined restorative goals and captured therapeutic gains. The young people and multidisciplinary teams displayed this critique as artwork by mounting it on the studio door, walls, and throughout SVA buildings, posting it on social media, and distributing it through print and email invitations.
A Cross-Cultural Neuroethics View on the Language of Disability
Published in AJOB Neuroscience, 2019
Perhaps the central premise of the knowledge system we call the humanities is that representation structures reality. What such a claim means is that the systems of representation that humans have developed across time and place shape the shared human enterprises of community building and culture making. From birth to death, language about our bodies tells us how to think about ourselves and how to live our lives. The language of pink or blue, Jennifer or Jonathan, masculine or feminine, makes us into women or men. The language of black and white, handsome or pretty, healthy or sick, normal or abnormal, shapes how and who we become over our lifetimes. In other words, representational systems such as images, narratives, and language don’t simply reflect human existence, they collectively make our lives and our world. The words we call each other, then, make us who we are, or to put it in more philosophical terms, language hails us into existence.
Multisensory stimulation for the rehabilitation of unilateral spatial neglect
Published in Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 2021
Luca Zigiotto, Alessio Damora, Federica Albini, Carlotta Casati, Gessica Scrocco, Mauro Mancuso, Luigi Tesio, Giuseppe Vallar, Nadia Bolognini
Bottom-up treatments overcome the above-mentioned limitations of top-down treatments since they are based on the reinforcement of automatic, stimulus-driven, attention towards the neglected side of space by means of lateral manipulations of sensory inputs (Azouvi et al., 2017; Vallar & Bolognini, 2014). The rationale is that sensory stimulations may exert their effects on higher-level spatial attentional/representational systems, which in patients with left USN are biased towards the right ipsilesional side, hence reducing the patients’ pathological ipsilesional bias. Among bottom-up approaches, a widely used treatment is the Prism Adaptation (PA) procedure. Patients wear goggles fitted with prismatic lenses which induce a lateral displacement of the visual field (e.g., Champod et al., 2018; Fortis et al., 2010; Frassinetti et al., 2002a; Pisella et al., 2006; Ronchi et al., 2019; Rossetti et al., 1998; Serino et al., 2007). PA directionally biases sensory-motor correspondences, in turn inducing a remapping of spatial coordinates, that allows a re-building of a stable representation of space perceived across different sensory modalities (Jacquin-Courtois et al., 2013; Redding et al., 2005). This treatment may lead to an amelioration of almost every component of USN (Arene & Hillis, 2007), notwithstanding evidence showing that PA operates mainly on motor-intentional deficits (Adair & Barrett, 2008; Goedert et al., 2015) and on egocentric (rather than allocentric) spatial representations (Abbruzzese et al., 2019; Mancuso et al., 2018). Moreover, PA-induced functional improvements were shown in patients with frontal lesions (Goedert et al., 2018), being absent, or at least weaker, in those with lesions affecting the right intraparietal sulcus or the cerebellum (e.g., Luauté et al., 2006; Sarri et al., 2008; Serino et al., 2006), especially if submitted to PA within one month of stroke (Hreha et al., 2018; Ten Brink et al., 2017). Recent evidence also indicates that a thicker cortical tissue in the temporo-parietal, prefrontal and cingulate areas of the left (intact) hemisphere predicts the clinical success of PA on USN (Lunven et al., 2019).