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Degenerative Diseases of the Nervous System
Published in Philip B. Gorelick, Fernando D. Testai, Graeme J. Hankey, Joanna M. Wardlaw, Hankey's Clinical Neurology, 2020
James A. Mastrianni, Elizabeth A. Harris
Dementia, usually of the subcortical type and includes: Memory impairment – primarily retrieval, rather than encoding deficits (patients do better than AD patients on recognition memory tasks).Bradyphrenia – slowness of thought processing.Decreased attention.Executive dysfunction.
Caffeine and arousal: a biobehavioral theory of physiological, behavioral, and emotional effects
Published in B.S. Gupta, Uma Gupta, Caffeine and Behavior, 2020
Barry D. Smith, Kenneth Tola, Mark Mann
A major focus of cognitive psychology, memory has been studied intensively, and a number of investigations have addressed the effects of caffeine. Unfortunately, results in this important area of mental performance are quite mixed. First, a number of studies have found that caffeine enhances memory performance in several paradigms. It has been shown to improve delayed recall,120 recognition memory,138 semantic memory,89 and verbal memory in general.139 Other studies have shown significant increases in memory performance on both easy140 and difficult110 memory tasks. Females (but not males) in one study showed positive effects of caffeine on word list retention, though only when the words were presented at a slow rate.141
A review of school-based studies on the effect of acute physical activity on cognitive function in children and young people
Published in Romain Meeusen, Sabine Schaefer, Phillip Tomporowski, Richard Bailey, Physical Activity and Educational Achievement, 2017
Andy Daly-Smith, Jim McKenna, Greta Defeyter, Andrew Manley
While working memory is important, the role of long-term memory in storing information is equally important. This schematic knowledge is extensively used during language comprehension, for example, when a pupil attempts to follow instructions provided by physical education (PE) teachers. Although there are some similarities between episodic and semantic memory, it is generally accepted that they form separate memory systems, giving rise to speculation about specific physical activity effects. Recognition and recall are commonly used to assess episodic memory. Recognition memory is often tested by presenting a list of words or pictures and then later presenting the same stimuli alongside distractor items and simply asking participants if they have seen the item before. Typically, pictures are remembered better than words – the so-called ‘picture superiority effect’ (Defeyter, Russo, & McPartlin, 2009). There are three forms of recall memory test: serial recall, free recall and cued recall. Better understanding of the nuances of working and long-term memory and how physical activity plays a role in affecting these processes will be important for teachers preparing pupils for assessment and exams.
Sensitivity and specificity of the ECAS in identifying executive function and social cognition deficits in MND
Published in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Degeneration, 2023
Priscilla Tjokrowijoto, Mia Phillips, Amelia Ceslis, Robert D. Henderson, Pamela A. McCombe, Gail A. Robinson
We first compared patients’ performance on neuropsychological assessments with controls, in order to establish cognitive impairment in the MND cohort. Standard tests measured memory (Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test [RAVLT]; Topographical Recognition Memory Test), attention and working memory (Digit Span), language (SydBat Naming), executive function (HSCT, Stroop Test1, Trail Making Test B), visuomotor speed (Trail Making Test A), and social cognition (Mini-SEA) (see Table 1). In addition to the four HSCT clinical scaled scores (Initiation RT, Suppression RT, Suppression Errors, HSCT Overall Scaled Score), we calculated response times (RT), number correct, and errors. The Mini-SEA consists of the emotion recognition task and faux pas stories, which were combined to generate a composite score, (26,27). Tasks on the Mini-SEA are untimed, with visual aids provided to alleviate working memory demands. Impairment was >2SD below the mean, based on published normative data unless stated otherwise.
Recognition memory for pictures in children with ADHD: an event-related potential study
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2023
Chaoqun Wang, Huijuan Shen, Jie Zhu, Ni Manman, Lina Liao, Kaihua Jiang, Xuan Dong
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is the most common childhood neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inappropriate levels of hyperactivity, impulsivity and inattention, which was often accompany by various degrees of cognitive deficits. In China, the prevalence of ADHD among children and adolescents is 6.26% [1]. Working memory (WM) is a core neurocognitive function affected in ADHD, and deficits in WM is one of the cognitive endophenotypes of ADHD [2]. WM problems, have been increasingly reported the past decade in children with ADHD [3, 4]. In WM research, there is a classic laboratory research paradigm ‘study-recognition’ paradigm, which includes encoding and retrieval, the two most basic aspects of working memory. Recognition memory is the basic form of information retrieval in memory system. It is essential for the ability to assess whether an item is new or has been encountered before [5], which might be important in the daily life and learning management of school-age children. Hence, understanding how recognition memory develops in ADHD children has clear theoretical, clinical, and educational implications.
Prenatal alcohol exposure causes persistent microglial activation and age- and sex- specific effects on cognition and metabolic outcomes in an Alzheimer’s Disease mouse model
Published in The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 2023
Kathleen R. Walter, Dane K. Ricketts, Brandon H. Presswood, Susan M. Smith, Sandra M. Mooney
Cognitive behaviors were tested in 3xTg-AD mice at three different ages in adulthood including an age prior to pathological changes in this model (3mo), an age around the emergence of the pathological changes (7mo), and a later age where cognitive impairment is more advanced (11mo) (48,68). Both CON and ALC animals showed some evidence of an age-related cognitive impairment in the cued fear conditioning task, with less freezing to the context at 11mo than at younger ages: these findings are consistent with prior 3xTg-AD studies (80–83). PAE affected the response to the cue in the fear conditioning, such that ALC females were hyper-responsive at 7mo and 11mo. This was also seen in adolescent, but not aged, B6/J mice exposed to alcohol prenatally (19) and in 7mo 3xTg-AD mice exposed to alcohol during adulthood (83). A PAE-induced deficit in recognition memory was seen at 11mo. Specifically, CON animals showed greater recognition memory at 11mo than at younger ages, but ALC did not. A similar training-related improvement in outcome was previously reported for 3xTg-AD mice in the Morris water maze, suggesting they can learn and remember (84). It is possible that repeated testing is a form of enrichment that is protective against later behavioral and/or brain changes (48,84). At this time, we cannot determine if the improved performance in recognition memory is a result of the re-test model or an age-effect. Regardless, ALC mice do not benefit from this.