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Factors That Can Exacerbate Seizures
Published in Stanley R. Resor, Henn Kutt, The Medical Treatment of Epilepsy, 2020
David E. Burdette, Robert G. Feldman
Although reading epilepsy is herein subsumed under visually induced epilepsies, it is a significantly broader category. Two forms of reading epilepsy can be readily identified. One, the rare form, is integrally related to various visual parameters, especially to the patterns formed by lines of print on a page and to various stereotypical eye movements. The associated seizures may be stimulated by mechanisms other than reading, e.g., photic stimulation and visual patterns, and the seizures themselves do not tend to be stereotyped (39). The second form, primary reading epilepsy, is relatively more common. It is precipitated only by reading and is felt to be related not to the visual aspects of reading but instead to the processing of the visually obtained information. Typically, the seizure starts with myoclonic movements of the jaw and may evolve into a GTCS if the reading is not stopped; GTCSs without the jaw myoclonus may occur as well (25,39). Prevention of reading epilepsy may be difficult. Some investigators have attempted to decrease visual epileptogenesis by partially obscuring lines above and below the text being read; however, the effect has been variable (39).
Waveform Window #48: Eye Blink Induced Spikes in EEG
Published in The Neurodiagnostic Journal, 2020
Seizures or paroxysmal discharges in an EEG have been found to be triggered by external sensory stimulations such as light and touch (Gastaut and Tassinari 1966). Hyper excitability of certain cortical areas is responsible for this abnormal activation. Visually triggered seizures and EEG paroxysms are well known. Photosensitivity, pattern sensitivity, fixation-off (scoto) sensitivity, and reading epilepsy are some examples of visually induced paroxysmal events. In a restricted group of patients, sensory stimulations related to oculo-motor activities are also evoked paroxysmal discharges in an EEG. Eye blinking is an unusual form of sensory input to evoke spikes in an EEG. A few cases have been reported related to eye blink induced centrotemporal spikes (Nadkarni et al. 1994; Vetrugno et al., 1999; Yamagata et al. 1997). Two patients showed eye blink induced spikes (centrotemporal and parieto-temporal) during a routine EEG recording as described below.
Early juvenile reading epilepsy and later frontotemporal dementia (FTD): expanding the clinical phenotype of C9ORF72 mutation?
Published in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Degeneration, 2022
Marta Melis, Giovanni Defazio, Elisa Casaglia, Valerio Melas, Gianluca Floris
C9orf72 mutation (C9+) is the most common genetic cause of frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) worldwide (1), but its clinical phenotype may be wide and pleiotropic (2). We here describe a patient who carried the C9+ and presented with juvenile-onset reflex reading epilepsy (RRE) and later development of unprovoked drug-resistant seizures, FTD, and upper-motor-neuron syndrome.