China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
The Small Intestine (SI)
Published in Narda G. Robinson, Interactive Medical Acupuncture Anatomy, 2016
Quadrilateral space syndrome involves compression of the posterior humeral circumflex artery and the axillary nerve by fibrotic bands that cross the space.4 The quadrilateral space is the most common location of isolated compressive neuropathy of the axillary nerve.5 Acute shoulder trauma and repetitive overuse as in baseball throwing are precursors to quadrilateral space syndrome.6 Neuromodulation via acupuncture and related techniques may alleviate myofascial contributions to quadrangular (quadrilateral) space syndrome and improve nerve function in cases of axillary neuropathy.
Test Paper 2
Published in Teck Yew Chin, Susan Cheng Shelmerdine, Akash Ganguly, Chinedum Anosike, Get Through, 2017
Teck Yew Chin, Susan Cheng Shelmerdine, Akash Ganguly, Chinedum Anosike
The anatomy of the suprascapular nerve renders it particularly susceptible to compression at the suprascapular notch and spinoglenoid notch. The pattern of muscle denervation provides information about the duration of entrapment and can identify the site of neurologic compromise. Acute denervation presents as hyperintensity of the supraspinatus and infraspinatus or of the infraspinatus muscle alone on fluid-sensitive sequences. Chronic compression is shown as a reduction in muscle bulk and fatty infiltration of the involved muscles. Involvement of both the supra- and infraspinatus muscles reflects proximal compression at the suprascapular notch, whereas isolated infraspinatus denervation suggests compression at the spinoglenoid notch. Quadrilateral space syndrome is a rare condition referring to an isolated compressive neuropathy of the axillary nerve. It generally results in isolated atrophy of the teres minor and, less commonly, of the deltoid, which appears as a reduction in muscle bulk and fatty infiltration with chronic compression. Parsonage–Turner syndrome is an uncommon, self-limiting disorder characterised by sudden onset of non-traumatic shoulder pain associated with progressive weakness of the shoulder girdle musculature. MRI is the technique of choice in patients with shoulder pain and weakness. It is sensitive for the detection of signal abnormalities in the shoulder girdle musculature related to denervation injury. MRI is also useful in excluding intrinsic shoulder abnormalities that can produce symptoms similar to Parsonage–Turner syndrome such as rotator cuff tears, impingement syndrome and labral tears.
Current concepts review: peripheral neuropathies of the shoulder in the young athlete
Published in The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 2020
Tamara S. John, Felicity Fishman, Melinda S. Sharkey, Cordelia W. Carter
In adults, the most common isolated peripheral nerve injury to affect the shoulder is that of the axillary nerve (AN) [53]. Direct blow to the shoulder may result in AN injury. Another common mechanism of AN injury is traction in the setting of shoulder dislocation and/or fracture of the proximal humerus [53,54], which occur most commonly amongst participants of American football, ice hockey, and skiing/snowboarding [55–57]. One study reporting on AN injury in six children aged 10–17 years noted various injury mechanisms, including snowboarding and motor vehicle accidents [56]. Another study described direct injuries to the AN (in the absence of shoulder dislocation) in contact sports; these authors reported on 11 males aged 14–25 years injured while playing either American football or ice hockey [55]. Other causes of isolated axillary nerve injury include penetrating trauma, Parsonage Turner syndrome, and quadrilateral space syndrome (QSS), which is discussed below [53].
Axillary artery pseudoaneurysm and distal ulnar embolization in collegiate pitcher: a case report and review
Published in Case Reports in Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, 2018
Lohrasb R. Sayadi, Ajul Shah, Mustafa Chopan, James G. Thomson
A baseball pitcher can generate internal rotational velocities up to 7510 degrees/second which places up to 1100 N of compressive force on the shoulder [1]. Studies have demonstrated that even repetitive sub-maximal forces can cause anterior capsular laxity and potential for injury [1]. Common shoulder problems in these athletes include rotator cuff injury, secondary impingement, internal impingement and superior labrum injuries [2–6]. Less frequently, patients may present with nerve injuries to the scapular, long thoracic, axillary nerves (quadrilateral space syndrome) and vascular changes to the axillary artery, vein or thoracic outlet syndrome [7–18]. While cocking during a pitch, the humeral head translates anteriorly, which can cause compression of the axillary artery [19]. In addition, hyperabduction of the pectorals major during winding adds to the axillary artery compression [19]. Chronic intermittent compression places the pitcher at a risk for aneurysm and thrombosis of the axillary artery [19,20].