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Upper Limb Muscles
Published in Eve K. Boyle, Vondel S. E. Mahon, Rui Diogo, Handbook of Muscle Variations and Anomalies in Humans, 2022
Eve K. Boyle, Vondel S. E. Mahon, Rui Diogo
Breisch (1986) states that an accessory subscapularis muscle can create a myotendinous tunnel through which the axillary and subscapular nerves pass, which may lead to nerve entrapment and its associated neurological symptoms. Pires et al. (2017) similarly state that an accessory subscapularis passing over the axillary nerve can contribute to quadrangular space compression syndrome.
Upper limb
Published in Aida Lai, Essential Concepts in Anatomy and Pathology for Undergraduate Revision, 2018
Boundaries of quadrangular space– med.: long head of triceps brachii– sup.: inf. margin of subscapularis– lat.: surgical neck of humerus– inf.: sup. margin of teres major
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Published in Calver Pang, Ibraz Hussain, John Mayberry, Pre-Clinical Medicine, 2017
Calver Pang, Ibraz Hussain, John Mayberry
Most commonly in a shoulder dislocation the humerus exits the joint inferiorly where the joint capsule is the weakest. The axillary nerve is formed within the axilla region and travels through the quadrangular space with the posterior circumflex humeral artery. The axillary nerve is most commonly damaged by trauma to the shoulder or proximal humerus.
Shoulder abduction reconstruction for C5–7 avulsion brachial plexus injury by dual nerve transfers: spinal accessory to suprascapular nerve and partial median or ulnar to axillary nerve
Published in Journal of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, 2022
Gavrielle Hui-Ying Kang, Fok-Chuan Yong
The distal nerve transfer (with either a partial median or ulnar nerve) to the axillary nerve was performed via an anterior axillary approach. The axillary nerve was identified anteriorly at the inferior border of the subscapularis muscle just before it entered the quadrangular space. (Figure 1) Zhao et al. [14] reported that although the nerve has not yet divided into branches at this level, two fascicular groups can be identified: one lateral and one medial. They are enclosed within an outer-epineurium. The lateral fascicular group continues as the anterior branch of the axillary nerve while the medial fascicular group continues as the posterior branch. A vessel loop was similarly placed around the nerve for later identification, after the prepared donor nerve is ready for coaptation to the axillary nerve. For the neurorrhaphy, the recipient fascicular groups of the axillary nerve were prepared by performing a transverse partial outer-epineurotomy on the anterior wall of the nerve and neurotomy of the fascicular groups. The posterior wall of the outer-epineurium was kept intact, such that there would be minimal retraction of the fascicular groups at their cut ends (Figure 2) – which facilitated the nerve coaptation.
Impact of shoulder subluxation on peripheral nerve conduction and function of hemiplegic upper extremity in stroke patients: A retrospective, matched-pair study
Published in Neurological Research, 2021
Xiangzhe Li, Zhiwei Yang, Sheng Wang, Panpan Xu, Tianqi Wei, Xiaomeng Zhao, Xifeng Li, Yanmei Zhang, Ying Li, Na Mei, Qinfeng Wu
The SS after stroke often manifests as the humeral head to downward subluxation [26]. In the early stage of stroke, due to the weak deltoid and supraspinatus on the HUE, combined with the effect of gravity, the humeral head could not be effectively fixed into the glenoid, which may lead to the occurrence of SS [1,27]. The results of this study suggest that, after stroke, SS may lead to more severe abnormal peripheral nerve conduction on the HUE compared with non-SS stroke patients. It has been confirmed that neurological complications were manifested in 5.4–55% among all shoulder dislocations [28]. In traumatic inferior shoulder dislocation, it has been reported that 29% of the patients experienced a neurological injury, and the axillary nerve is particularly often damaged, probably due to the overload as it goes across the quadrangular space [29]. However, the whole characteristics that the impacts of SS on the HUE peripheral nerves remain unclear.