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Acid-Sensing Ion Channels and Synaptic Plasticity: A Revisit
Published in Tian-Le Xu, Long-Jun Wu, Nonclassical Ion Channels in the Nervous System, 2021
Ming-Gang Liu, Michael X. Zhu, Tian-Le Xu
Synaptic plasticity is a generic term that applies to short- or long-lasting experience- or activity-dependent changes in the efficacy or connection of synaptic transmission in the brain. It can be classified into both functional and structural aspects of synaptic plasticity. For the former, except for LTP and LTD, it also includes short-term plasticity (like paired-pulse facilitation or depression), depotentiaion86, metaplasticity (plasticity of synaptic plasticity)87, and homeostatic plasticity88 (scaling up or down of the synaptic strength in response to reduction or elevation of synaptic activity). For the latter, dendritic spines may undergo activity-dependent dynamic alterations in shape, size, density, or even composition during various behavioral tasks and/or synaptic stimulations84. To date, most studies have focused on the classical LTP, with much less emphasis placed on other forms of synaptic plasticity, although the possibilities that ASICs are equally important for depotentiaion (or metaplasticity) have not been fully excluded. It would be both necessary and exciting in future studies to test these possibilities.
Synapses
Published in Nassir H. Sabah, Neuromuscular Fundamentals, 2020
Plasticity of neuronal circuits is the alteration of the behavior of these circuits in response to experience or injury. Plasticity could result from: modification of the response of neurons to synaptic inputs (Chapter 7), such as a change in the intrinsic excitability of neurons; the addition or removal of synaptic pathways; or modification of the strength or efficacy of synapses, the latter being referred to as synaptic plasticity. In view of the complexity of the subject, however, only some basics of synaptic plasticity will be presented in this section.
Cognition Enhancers
Published in Sahab Uddin, Rashid Mamunur, Advances in Neuropharmacology, 2020
Ramneek Kaur, Rashi Rajput, Sachin Kumar, Harleen Kaur, R. Rachana, Manisha Singh
The understanding about the genetic makeup of an individual helps in identifying the etiology of cognitive disorders, just like most non-infectious diseases. Genetic makeup has an influence on cognitive ability, but a myriad of interconnected factors like psychological state and environment affect the capability and comprehension to dedicate the experiences to memory. Additionally, the state of physiological conditions or health influences the processes that facilitate learning, besides this hormone present in the periphery and brain affects the process of learning, and the neuroendocrine, humoral systems and endocrine “talk” to the brain. Stress impairs cognition and leads to various mental disorders. Exercise might stimulate the process of cognition (Lautenschlager et al., 2008) and both of those affects the plasticity by influencing neuronal replacement by neurogenesis (Van Praag, 2008).
Combination of tea polyphenols and proanthocyanidins prevents menopause-related memory decline in rats via increased hippocampal synaptic plasticity by inhibiting p38 MAPK and TNF-α pathway
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2022
Qian Yang, Yusen Zhang, Luping Zhang, Xuemin Li, Ruirui Dong, Chenmeng Song, Le Cheng, Mengqian Shi, Haifeng Zhao
Memory function declines with age, and is believed to deteriorate because of changes in synaptic function rather than loss of neurons [16]. It is thought that memories are formed and stored by long-term changes in the strength of synaptic connections between neurons, a process known as synaptic plasticity that can be defined as structural and functional adaptations of neuronal circuits to changes due to learning and memory. Structural plasticity refers to changes in synaptic morphology and quantity caused by repetitive synaptic activity. Long-term potentiation (LTP) is one of the important manifestations of the functional plasticity [17,18]. LTP is a long lasting enhancement of synaptic transmission induced by high frequency stimulation of presynaptic afferents into fibers, mainly for the high frequency stimulation of postsynaptic population spike (PS) the increase of the amplitude and shortened the latency of group, excitatory postsynaptic potential (fEPSP) the amplitude and slope increase the phenomenon of enhanced synaptic transmission efficiency [19]. LTP of Schaffer collateral to CA1 pyramidal neuron synapse of the hippocampus is thought to play a key role in episodic memory formation [17]. Strong antioxidant vitamin E and 17-beta estradiol (E2) treatment in different rat models prevents the LTP impairment and neuronal apoptosis as well as increases synapse density and enhances the magnitude of LTP [20,21]. In this study, we want to know if the TP and PC combination can improve memory by improving synaptic plasticity and try to explore the mechanism.
A preliminary study of atypical cortical change ability of dynamic whole-brain functional connectivity in autism spectrum disorder
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2022
One worthwhile problem is that how dynamic does the inform interaction or interruption of cortical regions on account of the brain diseases. Therefore, the DFCs investigate the potential time-varying characteristics of FCs by introducing the sliding time window or frequency-bands division methods on the fMRI signals. Here describes the central motivating hypothesis in this paper. Focused on the properties of edge weight change, changeability surveys functional contacting and functional switching of different brain regions at transient responses perspective. What’s more, at the long-term perspective, changeability may also predict outcome of learning and rehabilitation under the framework of brain plasticity. Brain plasticity explains brain continues to create new neural pathways and alter existing ones to adapt to new experiences, learn new information, and create new memories. Hence, an important goal for changeability is to deliver a new quantitative analyses method of abnormal cortical activity in diseased brains, and further offers a new perspective in modern diagnoses of mental illnesses.
Of worms and men
Published in Journal of Neurogenetics, 2020
It may be instructive to consider whether some of the central topics in the studies of the human brain have relevance in the context of C. elegans. One prominent issue is the nature of consciousness. There are numerous definitions of what consciousness means but they are generally of the form: the state of being aware of one’s surroundings and self. The responses of C. elegans to external stimuli have been extensively studied and have been shown to elicit responses that are appropriate to the stimulus (Bargmann, 2006). So, in this sense a C. elegans is certainly conscious. Indeed, I would argue that an autonomously driven car is also conscious. Rather like the concept of vitalism, which has fallen into disuse because of current knowledge of cell physiology, consciousness may not be a useful concept for understanding the function of the nervous system of C. elegans. A concept derived from studies of higher nervous systems that is better defined is neural plasticity. At a gross level this is commonly seen as the ability of victims to eventually recover lost faculties following a stroke that kills off areas of the brain; however, it is likely that neural plasticity is a manifestation of the basic process of learning (Sweatt, 2016). There are well defined instances of neuronal plasticity during the development of the C. elegans nervous system and the detailed mechanisms are beginning to be understood at the molecular level (Jin & Qi, 2018), suggesting that this organism may have much to offer in the search for an understanding of this basic mechanism of cognition.