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Battlefield Chemical Inhalation Injury
Published in Jacob Loke, Pathophysiology and Treatment of Inhalation Injuries, 2020
Acute exposure with CS produces lacrimation with a peppery sensation in the eyes, as well as copious rhinorrhea and salivation. With increasing doses there is chest tightness, dyspnea, coughing, and sneezing (Owens and Punte, 1963). These symptoms remit spontaneously within 30 min after cessation of exposure (Ballantyne, 1977b), although a photophobia may persist up to 1 hr. At still higher concentrations, cyanosis may be present with severe respiratory distress followed by pulmonary edema. A case of an infant with a confined space exposure of 2-3 hr (unknown concentration) is reported. Initial examination showed only first-degree cheek burns; however, cyanosis was noted on day 2, resolving by day 3, only to be followed by pneumonia, which delayed hospital discharge to day 28 (Park and Giammona, 1972). Another child unable to escape a confined exposure in a bedroom (Londonderry riots) was found to be crying and gasping for breath. There was pallor and lacrimation but rapid recovery after removal from exposure (Himsworth, 1971a).
Severe Influenza Pneumonia and Its Mimics in the Critical Care Unit
Published in Cheston B. Cunha, Burke A. Cunha, Infectious Diseases and Antimicrobial Stewardship in Critical Care Medicine, 2020
Localized symptoms such as the presence of headache and neck pain, nausea, vomiting, and confusion should alert about viral or bacterial meningitis. Photophobia may be present as well. If a petechial or purpuric rash on hospital presentation exists, this will suggest meningococcemia [37].
Actions of Dopamine on the Skin and the Skeleton
Published in Nira Ben-Jonathan, Dopamine, 2020
Although there is no cure for albinism, it can be managed depending on the severity of its symptoms. Because the skin is more prone to sunburn, wearing long sleeves and full-length garments is mandatory to protect the skin against UV exposure. These individuals should also use a sunscreen with a high sun protection factor. They are also advised to check for changes on the skin such as a new or a changing mole, an abnormal growth or a lump. Glasses or contact lenses are often used to correct eyesight issues such as near-sightedness, long-sightedness and astigmatism. Sun glasses that filter out UV rays help patients with photophobia or sensitivity to light. Eye exercises may be recommended to deal with squinting and lazy eye.
Post-concussion Syndrome Light Sensitivity: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
Published in Neuro-Ophthalmology, 2022
Mohammad Abusamak, Hamzeh Mohammad Alrawashdeh
Photophobia has a variety of causes that are not confined to eye disorders, a fact that should prompt ophthalmologists to think about other aetiologies and to obtain a proper history from patients, especially for psychiatric and neurological symptoms, in addition to head injuries and medications. Moreover, the absence of the cardinal neurological symptoms of concussion, such as headache or loss of consciousness, does not exclude photophobia, as some patients may suffer from only excessive light sensitivity weeks after mTBI. Photophobia, in conjunction with a history of head trauma, even mild trauma, should raise the possibility of post-concussion syndrome light sensitivity. What made this case noteworthy was the alleviation of photophobia after using anaesthetic eye drops. Therefore, this observation may provide evidence of an undiscovered mechanism that is either directly or indirectly linked to the light hypersensitivity of the cornea.
Neuro-Ophthalmic Literature Review
Published in Neuro-Ophthalmology, 2019
David Bellows, Noel Chan, John Chen, Hui-Chen Cheng, Michael Vaphiades, Konrad Weber
Photophobia is commonly associated with migraine, meningitis, concussion, and a variety of ocular diseases. Advances in the ability to trace multiple brain pathways through which light information is processed have paved the way to a better understanding of the neurobiology of photophobia and the complexity of symptoms triggered by light. The authors summarise the recent anatomical and physiological studies on the neurobiology of photophobia with emphasis on migraine. Observations made in blind and seeing migraine patients, and in a variety of animal models, have led to the discovery of a novel retino-thalamo-cortical pathway that carries photic signal from melanopsinergic and nonmelanopsinergic retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) to thalamic neurons. The activity of these neurons is driven by migraine and their axonal projections convey signals about headache and light to multiple cortical areas involved in the generation of common migraine symptoms. Novel projections of RGCs into previously unidentified hypothalamic neurons that regulate parasympathetic and sympathetic functions have also been discovered. Finally, recent work has led to a novel understanding of colour preference in migraine-type photophobia and of the roles played by the retina, thalamus, and cortex. This article highlights the findings that provide a neural substrate for understanding the complexity of photophobia in patients with migraine and other neuro-ophthalmologic disorders.
A Stereotyped Syndrome with Retro-Ocular Pain, Photophobia, and Visual Disturbance Masquerading as Optic Neuritis: Case Series
Published in Neuro-Ophthalmology, 2018
Joanna M. Jefferis, Revelle Littlewood, Irene M. Pepper, Simon J. Hickman
Photophobia is defined as pain (in the eye or head) secondary to light exposure.1 It is a common feature of migraine, reported in up to 80% of migraineurs,2 and is a feature of both classical migraine and migraine without aura.3 The neural pathways accounting for photophobia have been proposed to include non-image-forming photosensitive retinal ganglion cells containing melanopsin4–6; and even light responsive pathways independent of the retina and optic nerve.7,8 These light responsive pathways enable light to modulate the trigemonovascular pathway such that bright light increases sensitivity to trigeminal stimuli.9,10 Migraineurs seem to have a particular susceptibility to photophobia and this heightened susceptibility persists following a migraine attack and results in a drop in pain perception thresholds following light stimulation.10,11 Photophobia forms part of the diagnostic criteria for migraine headache in the international headache classification3 and is increasingly being recognised to have a complex, multi-factorial neural circuitry.1,9