China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Epidemiology and subtypes of dementia
Published in Marjolein de Vugt, Janet Carter, Understanding Young Onset Dementia, 2021
DLB is characterised pathologically by the presence of Lewy bodies, so-called senile plaques and variable tangle formation. A rare pure form comprises only Lewy bodies with a much younger onset described in a series of nine cases from Japan where eight had an onset before the age of 40 years. Dementia is increasingly recognised as a common feature of advancing Parkinson's disease but develops less frequently and with a longer latency in patients with young onset disease. Patients with young onset parkinsonism are more likely to have an underlying genetic cause. Of these, mutations in the parkin (PARK2) gene are not typically associated with dementia, but α-synuclein triplications and mutations in the glucocerebrosidase gene can be associated with prominent cognitive impairment, in some cases resembling classic dementia with Lewy bodies (Johansen et al., 2010).
Diseases of the Nervous System
Published in George Feuer, Felix A. de la Iglesia, Molecular Biochemistry of Human Disease, 2020
George Feuer, Felix A. de la Iglesia
Several drugs may cause a Parkinson’s syndrome. For example, reserpine depletes the endogenous 5-hydroxytryptamine and dopamine stores of the norepinephrine and other cerebral amines. In large doses, this drug produces depression and other psychic disturbances. Parkinson-like conditions are also produced by this drug. Chlorpromazine and haloperidol elicit similar actions, possibly by inhibiting catecholamine receptors leading to the release of the normal inhibitory effect on the extrapyramidal system. Many drug treatments have been considered to relieve parkinsonian syndromes.15,377,436
Organisation of services and health economics
Published in Jeremy Playfer, John Hindle, Andrew Lees, Parkinson's Disease in the Older Patient, 2018
Idiopathic PD is a common, age-related, disabling neurodegenerative disorder. Parkinsonism is a term used to describe movement disorders characterised by similar symptoms to those of idiopathic PD. Idiopathic PD represents the cause of approximately three-quarters of cases of parkinsonism, the others being either similar neurodegenerative diseases with other features (Parkinson’s-plus syndromes such as multiple system atrophy and progressive supranuclear palsy), cerebrovascular disease, and drug or toxic cases. In this chapter, the principles discussed refer to all causes of parkinsonism, since the problems of patients with parkinsonism are often similar to those of patients with PD, and the patients will often present with that diagnosis although their prognosis and response to treatment differs. Some units are organised to manage all movement disorders, of which PD is by far the most common.
The inter-relationship between various non-motor symptoms and with habitual physical activity in Parkinsonism: a scoping review protocol
Published in Physical Therapy Reviews, 2022
Amanda Still, Leigh Hale, Prasath Jayakaran
Parkinsonism is a group of disorders characterised by the presence of bradykinesia with rigidity or tremor [1,2]. Neurodegenerative processes are the most common cause of Parkinsonism disorders, such as idiopathic Parkinson’s disease (PD) and atypical Parkinsonism disorders (APDs) [2,3]. APDs include multiple system atrophy, progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal degeneration, and dementia with Lewy bodies. PD and APDs have distinct pathophysiology but are commonly misdiagnosed, particularly in the early stages of the disease, due to symptom overlap [2,4]. PD is the most prevalent of these disorders, which has had a more than two-fold increase in global prevalence in the last two decades [5]. The current global prevalence of PD is estimated to be 6.1 million [5], and epidemiological research projects this to increase by approximately 770,000 by 2040 [6]. APDs account for approximately 10% of neurodegenerative causes, with a collective prevalence of approximately 0.4% (400 per 100,000 persons) [3,7]. Although APDs are less common, they are usually associated with a more rapid disease progression and a shorter lifespan [2].
Assessing and treating conversations with partners in Parkinson’s disease: A scoping review of the evidence
Published in International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 2022
Ramishka Thilakaratne, Andrea M. Loftus, Naomi Cocks
Idiopathic (of unknown origins) Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, with a prevalence rate of 0%–3% of the population in industrialised countries (Tysnes & Storstein, 2017). Parkinsonism refers to a group of neurological disorders that share the cardinal motor symptoms of PD, such as tremor, slowed movement, postural instability, and rigidity (Aminoff, Greenberg, and Simon, 2005). As it is often difficult to differentiate between the disorders, they are grouped together under the umbrella term of Parkinsonism. Included in this grouping are Progressive Supranuclear Palsy, Multiple System Atrophy, Lewy-Body Dementia, Corticobasal Degeneration, Vascular Parkinsonism, and Drug-Induced Parkinsonism. The heterogeneous nature of PD, coupled with the overlap with other neurological disorders, often means that research studies are not PD specific and may include those diagnosed with Parkinsonism.
Behavioral, Biochemical and Histopathological effects of Standardised Pomegranate extract with Vinpocetine, Propolis or Cocoa in a rat model of Parkinson’s disease
Published in Experimental Aging Research, 2022
Azza A. Ali, Mona M. Kamal, Mona G. Khalil, Shimaa A. Ali, Hemat A. Elariny, Amany Bekhit, Ahmed Wahid
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDD) were reported to affect millions of people each year all over the world. But yet the complex multifactorial mechanisms of parkinsonism are not fully understood so far. It has been proposed previously that manganese can cause severe neurological damage (Botsford, George, & Buckley, 2018). Parkinsonism is defined as the presence of bradykinesia, rest tremor and rigidity. The exact etiology of parkinsonism remains elusive. Age is the most significant risk factor for the development of parkinsonism. In addition to that, complex interactions between environmental and genetic factors can be a predisposing factor to parkinsonism. It was previously demonstrated that the progression of neurodegeneration such as the case in parkinsonism is associated with decreased antioxidant levels and increased oxidative damage to proteins, DNA and lipids (Ballance, Qin, Chung, Gillette, & Kong, 2019). Unquestionably, the injurious effects of the inflammatory response are associated with augmentation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative damage that was assessed by inhibition of defense mechanisms such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and reduced glutathione (GSH). Oxidative stress can then result in induction of the gene expression of a battery of distinct pro-inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1-beta (IL-1β).