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Micronutrients in Improvement of the Standard Therapy in Traumatic Brain Injury
Published in Kedar N. Prasad, Micronutrients in Health and Disease, 2019
Brain deformation may occur after the primary head acceleration.1 Damage to the midbrain correlated with memory and cognitive problems after concussions. The major commonly symptoms observed after concussions include impairment of memory, processing speed, verbal memory, and executive function.8,9 An early onset of dementia may be initiated by repetitive concussions in professional football players.10,11 Balance disorders are also considered one of the major health problems with the concussive injury.11
Acute vertigo
Published in S. Musheer Hussain, Paul White, Kim W Ah-See, Patrick Spielmann, Mary-Louise Montague, ENT Head & Neck Emergencies, 2018
Rahul Kanegaonkar, Max Whittaker
Dizziness and vertigo are common symptoms. Epidemiological studies have shown that vertigo and balance disorders affect 30 per cent of the general population before the age of 65 years, rising to 60 per cent at 85 years.1 Annually, 5 out of every 1000 patients present to their general practitioner complaining of symptoms classified as vertigo, with another 10 per 1000 with symptoms of dizziness or giddiness. In the elderly population, a balance disorder may result in falls, a leading cause of death in this age group.
Rehabilitation and management of visual dysfunction following traumatic brain injury
Published in Mark J. Ashley, David A. Hovda, Traumatic Brain Injury, 2017
The VOR must be coordinated with the cervical–ocular reflex (COR), a proprioceptive mechanism, which also contributes to gaze stabilization. In the COR, eye movement is elicited by rotation of the neck. The VOR decreases with age, and the COR covaries, in the opposite direction, increasing with age.113 The COR is increased in whiplash, interfering with the synergy between COR and VOR, and may contribute to symptoms in these patients, including dizziness and vertigo.114 In the differential diagnosis of dizziness and balance disorders, the COR must be considered along with the visual and vestibular contributions.
Long-term central nervous system (CNS) consequences of COVID-19 in children
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2023
Saskia Howe de la Torre, Valeria Parlatini, Samuele Cortese
Dizziness ranges from fleeting light-headedness to a more severe and impairing balance disorder [102]. It has been reported in 3–20% of children and young people with long COVID [16,20], but meta-analytic evidence suggested that only about 4% experience persistent dizziness [19]. Studies are also inconsistent regarding its duration. For instance, a prospective cohort study including 1734 school-aged children reported a median duration of 2 days [57]; and a study following up 322 children in a specialist post-COVID clinic could not identify any case at the one-month follow-up [76]. However, other studies reported persistence up to 8 months post-infection [17,103]. For instance, Buonsenso et al. [53] surveyed 510 children with long COVID, and dizziness was self-reported in 47.2% of cases at 8 months. Female sex [17] and older age [17,57] have been identified as risk factors. The pathogenetic mechanisms are not completely understood, but infection-related neuronal dysfunction, hypoxia, hypercoagulopathy, as well as immune-mediated injury are among the suggested mechanisms [104].
A New Instrument to Assess Dynamic Balance in Children with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: Four Square Step Test and Its Validity, Reliability and Feasibility
Published in Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 2023
Esra Aldirmaz, Fatma Uğur, Öznur Yilmaz, Ayşe Karaduman, İpek Alemdaroğlu-Gürbüz
As an efferent reflection of the central nervous system, muscle strength is an essential factor contributing to balance.8 An altered posture, common in patients with muscle weakness, changes the position of the center of body mass, thereby causes balance problems.5 Postural compensation3 results in an anterior displacement of the body mass center2 and leads to balance difficulties in neuromuscular conditions.8 One of the indicators of the degenerative muscle disease was reported as the alterations in gait parameters by Gaudreault et al.29 which result in balance disorders. In order to determine gait-related balance disorder, TUG is used in children with physical disabilities in literature.8,9,19 In the study of Aras et al., the TUG performance of children with DMD with a mean age of 7.17 ± 1.26 years was 8.16 ± 1.32 sec8 while current study showed the TUG performance of children with a mean age of 9.25 ± 2.14 as 9.71 ± 2.96 sec. Additionally, a study conducted by Kaya et al. demonstrated that children with DMD with a similar age group (mean 9.05 ± 3.1 years) completed the TUG in 7.79 ± 1.54 sec.9 Although different studies indicated varying TUG scores for the similar ages, it was concluded that dynamic balance deteriorates by the age progresses, that is, by the functional level deteriorates in children with DMD. The limited number of studies evaluating dynamic balance in individuals with DMD in the literature agreed that as disease progresses different assessment procedures of balance should be applied in DMD population.
Effects of diagonally aligned sitting training with a tilted surface on sitting balance for low sitting performance in the early phase after stroke: a randomised controlled trial
Published in Disability and Rehabilitation, 2021
Kazuhiro Fukata, Kazu Amimoto, Masahide Inoue, Daisuke Sekine, Mamiko Inoue, Yuji Fujino, Shigeru Makita, Hidetoshi Takahashi
Balance disorders are caused by changes in the motor, sensory, and integrative aspects of motor control [1]. Sitting balance in the early phase after stroke is a useful indicator for predicting motor and functional outcomes, although static sitting balance, dynamic sitting balance, postural reaction, position sense, etc. are often disturbed in this phase [2–8]. While most stroke patients regain unsupported sitting ability early after stroke onset, some who had widespread brain damage cannot achieve independent sitting [9]. Moreover, stroke patients with a contralesionally tilted posture [10], pusher behaviour [10–12], or who have impaired postural vertical perception—defined as cognitive awareness of postural orientation [13,14] —are prevented from maintaining a vertical posture [10–12] and have prolonged mobility recovery [15]. Thus, for patients with a low sitting performance, regaining sitting ability is a major goal of early stroke rehabilitation.